Every reporter | Zhang Rui every edited | Chen Xing　　　　

On June 21st, the press conference of the 2023 Global Digital Economy Conference was held in Beijing.

National business daily reporter learned that the 2023 Global Digital Economy Conference will be held at the Beijing National Convention Center from July 4th to 7th. With the theme of "data-driven development and intelligence leading the future", the conference provided a global platform for the exchange and cooperation of new theories, rules, technologies, industries and systems of the digital economy.

Introduction: The main forum of the conference will invite domestic and foreign experts, academicians and business representatives to deliver speeches, release the White Paper on Global Digital Economy, hold a summit dialogue on international cooperation in digital economy, and create a global weather vane for policy formulation, technological frontier, industrial trends and application paradigms in the digital economy.

Press conference scene Image source: Every reporter Zhang Rui photo

Introduce that the opening ceremony and main forum of this conference will further innovate the mode of holding the conference:

The first is to further improve the degree of internationalization and expand the scope of international cooperation and exchanges. Combined with the overall strengthening of international exchanges and cooperation in the post-epidemic period, it is planned to expand the invitation of international representatives to participate in the conference, set up the guest country of the conference for the first time, and issue the "Global Digital Economy Partner City Cooperation Initiative" to promote the joint construction of the "Digital Silk Road" and bilateral digital governance cooperation, so as to make the conference a "booster" for promoting digital open cooperation between cities around the world and under the international multilateral framework.

The second is to further optimize the degree of quality products, open up innovation and deepen cooperation. On the basis of previous exhibitions, the boutique theme exhibition will expand its exhibition area to 10,000 square meters, and set up digital infrastructure, data elements, industry digitalization, digital industrialization and digital security exhibition areas, highlighting professionalism, foresight, platform and experience, comprehensively enhancing its specifications and influence, and building a top-level international platform for digital economy frontier collision exchange and results release.

The third is to further demonstrate the charm of digital technology and start a number of "first time" attempts. For the first time, the "Digital Night" city pulse lighting ceremony was set up, and the video of the "Digital Night" city pulse lighting ceremony was broadcast live, interspersed with offline real scenes, and shared between reality and reality. At Shougang Park, Tongzhou Canal, Olympic Tower and Qianmen Dashilan, you can watch the AR show scene with a strong sense of science and technology.

Play the first China Digital Concert on the whole network at 21: 00, open a digital music feast, gather the top domestic virtual human technical team, top domestic virtual idols, virtual hosts, artists and other top resources, stage a cross-dimensional digital music festival, and show the world the Beijing business card and the vitality of an open, cooperative and win-win international city.

"It is worth mentioning that for the first time, the conference fully used digital badges to achieve paperless participation and create a new experience of digital participation." Say.

The fourth is to further highlight the degree of specialization and release major achievements. The White Paper on Global Digital Economy in 2023 will be released to promote the cooperation and exchange of global digital economy. Create a global vane of policy formulation, technological frontier, industrial trends and application paradigm in the digital economy.

At the press conference, he said that in recent years, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the vigorous promotion of various departments and regions, China’s digital economy has achieved positive results.

The first is that the comprehensive strength of digital infrastructure has reached a new level. China has built the world’s largest and technologically advanced network infrastructure. By the end of April this year, more than 2.73 million 5G base stations have been built, with 5G networks covering all prefecture-level cities, more than 17.93 million ports with Gigabit network services, 634 million mobile phone users, 100 million Gigabit optical network users and 1.984 billion mobile Internet of Things users. 5G applications have covered 52 national economic categories, and the foundation of the Internet of Everything is stable.

Second, the integration of the digital economy and the real economy has become increasingly solid. The penetration rate of numerical control and digital R&D design tools for key processes in key industrial enterprises reached 59.4% and 77.6% respectively. The industrial Internet was fully integrated into 45 categories of national economy, with an industrial scale of over 1.2 trillion yuan. The "5G+ industrial Internet" has landed in thousands of industries and extended to the core links of production.

Third, the core digital industry is growing. In 2022, China’s electronic information manufacturing industry achieved operating income of 15.4 trillion yuan, software business income of 10.8 trillion yuan, and big data industry income of 1.57 trillion yuan, which laid a solid industrial and technical foundation for the integration and development of informationization and industrialization.

The incubation and application promotion of high-quality open source communities at home and abroad are accelerating, which has injected vitality into technological innovation and economic and social development.

The fourth is to speed up the flow of data elements. Thoroughly implement the "Twenty Data Articles", speed up the construction of a data-based system, and study and formulate national standards in the fields of data property rights, circulation transactions, asset evaluation, and security governance. Continue to implement the National Standard for Data Management Capability (DCMM). By the end of March 2023, a total of 1,469 enterprises had completed the standard implementation, covering 10 major fields such as electric power and communication.

Promote the high-level construction of data exchanges in Beijing, Shanghai and other places, with the rapid rise of emerging entities such as data labeling, data intermediary and data governance, and gradually form market operation systems such as data asset evaluation, registration and settlement, and transaction matching, and further release the potential of data elements.

Finally, the international cooperation in the digital economy has gone deep into reality. Actively carry out pragmatic cooperation with ASEAN, the African Union and countries along the Belt and Road in the field of digital economy, participate in the formulation of digital rules by multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, G20 and BRICS, and advocate the launching of a series of international cooperation initiatives and agreements, such as the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative, the Joint Action Initiative to Build a Community of Cyberspace Destiny and the Global Data Security Initiative, which have significantly enhanced the international influence of China’s digital economy.

Cover image source: Photo courtesy of the organizer

　　Nepal’s Ministry of Interior: A strong earthquake has killed 3,904 people in Nepal.

　　Nepal’s Interior Ministry said on the 27th that a strong earthquake has killed 3,904 people in Nepal.

　　The number of people killed in Nepal’s strong earthquake rose to 3815.

　　According to the British "Guardian" report, Nepal’s internal affairs officials said on the 27th that at least 3,815 people had been killed in a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 on the 25th. WHO estimates that this strong earthquake affected more than 5 million people.

　　Strong earthquake in Nepal: the international community continues to increase rescue efforts

　　International rescue forces continue to reinforce the disaster area. United Nations spokesman Orla Fagan said that dozens of international rescue teams have rushed to Nepal, and they will fly to the disaster area as soon as possible. At present, there is an urgent shortage of drinking water and food in the disaster area, power supply is interrupted in many places, mobile phone networks are intermittent, hospitals are overcrowded, and roads leading to the epicenter are blocked.

　　253 Chinese employees of Nepal Hydropower Project of Three Gorges Group were trapped in the construction site.

　　The Na Suaka Li Hydropower Station, which was built in Nepal by China Hydropower Foreign Corporation under the Three Gorges Group, suffered serious losses in the earthquake. At present, 253 Chinese employees are still trapped in the construction site. According to the latest statistics of Three Gorges Group, two Chinese employees were killed, one was seriously injured and several were slightly injured in the earthquake. The communication road between the project and the outside world is completely interrupted, and the material reserve is expected to be only enough for 2 days at most.

　　Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Four China citizens were killed in Nepal.

　　China’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said on the 27th that four China citizens were killed in Nepal, including one tourist, one mountaineer on the south side of Mount Everest and two employees of a Chinese-funded company building a project in Nepal. It is understood that before the earthquake, there were about 3,000 to 4,000 China tourists in Nepal. China is sending more flights to try to take back the Nepalese citizens stranded in China as soon as possible.

　　Climbers on the north slope of Mount Qomolangma were evacuated from the safety zone and climbing activities were suspended for ten days.

　　On the 27th, Nima Tsering, deputy director of Xizang Autonomous Region Sports Bureau, told China News Service that at present, Chinese climbers on the north slope of Mount Everest have been evacuated to Shigatse, Tibet, and foreign climbers have also been evacuated to the base camp to rest. At present, all climbers on the north slope have retreated to safety. At the same time, the mountaineering activities on Mount Everest were suspended for ten days for observation.

　　One death, eight injuries and one loss of contact caused by the Everest avalanche in China.

　　On 27th, after contacting Tibet Mountaineering Association, Nepal Mountaineering Association, Nepal Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, chinese mountaineering association learned that the earthquake in Nepal caused an avalanche on Mount Everest, and one climber in China was killed and eight people were injured, two of them were seriously injured, and one of his friends who participated in the international mountaineering team lost contact.

　　Officials say the number of people killed in Nepal’s strong earthquake has exceeded 3,000 and more than 6,500 people have been injured.

　　The head of the disaster management department of Nepal’s Ministry of Interior said that the 8.1-magnitude earthquake in Nepal has killed 3,218 people and injured more than 6,500 people. At the same time, strong local aftershocks continue to occur, causing inconvenience to disaster relief work and the lives of victims. According to the statistics of the earthquake monitoring department, aftershocks exceeding 4.5 have occurred at least 30 times.

　　Tourism Bureau: There are more than 4,000 tourists in China, and 3,000 are individual tourists.

　　According to the website of the National Tourism Administration, according to the investigation of the travel agency team management system of the National Tourism Administration and the data reported by the provincial tourism commissions, at 12:00 on April 26th, there were about 39 China tourism teams in Nepal, with 1,047 tourists (teams and free travellers). It is estimated that there are about 3,000 individual travelers in Nepal.

　　Nearly 300 thousand people in Tibet were affected by the strong earthquake in Nepal, and the magnitude 7.1 aftershock expanded the disaster.

　　On the 27th, the reporter learned from the Tibetan authorities that the 7.1-magnitude aftershock in Nepal at 15: 09 on the 26th aggravated landslides in some areas of Shigatse, Tibet, and blocked roads in many places. In addition, the climate in the disaster-stricken areas in Tibet has been abnormal recently, with continuous rain and snow, which has greatly affected the earthquake relief work and further expanded the disaster situation.

　　The earthquake killed 20 people in Tibet, and the rescue and disaster relief are facing difficulties.

　　On the 26th, the reporter learned from the official that as of press time, the number of people killed in the earthquake in Nepal in Tibet has increased to 20, and another 4 people are missing, 55 people are injured, 1,191 houses and 1 temple have collapsed, 5,828 houses and 54 temples have been damaged to varying degrees, 58 communication base stations have been damaged, and more than 200,000 people have been affected to varying degrees.

　　The aftershocks are frequent, and the "island" of Zhangmu in Tibet is difficult to pass.

　　At 14: 11 on the 25th, an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 in Boccara, Nepal, spread to Zhangmu Port on the Sino-Nepal border. More than 40 hours have passed, and rescuers are still unable to enter Zhangmu Town. At present, the rescue force is only the last 30 kilometers away from Zhangmu Town. However, the aftershock caused the No.2 bridge in the direction of Nyalam to collapse, and Kangqiao Mingdong was buried by landslide. Not only was the vehicle impassable, but 57 commandos who were hiking to Zhangmu were also forced to withdraw.

　　The earthquake in Nepal has killed more than 2,000 people and strong aftershocks continue to occur.

　　According to official statistics of Nepal, the earthquake has caused at least 2,430 deaths and about 6,000 injuries in the country. The earthquake has killed at least 62 people and injured more than 250 people in India. At least 20 people were killed, 4 people were missing, 58 people were injured and more than 200,000 people were affected to varying degrees in Tibet, China. The earthquake also killed four people and injured more than 200 people in Bangladesh.

　　The number of casualties is rising, and international rescue is racing against time.

　　After the disaster, Nepal declared a state of emergency and appealed for international assistance. On the 26th, a large number of relief supplies, doctors and relief workers from neighboring countries have arrived in Nepal. With the help of the international team, rescuers worked hard to clear the ruins. Due to the limited site conditions, rescuers, including the police and the army, had to dig with their bare hands in an attempt to rescue the survivors under the rubble of the collapsed building.

　　About 350 citizens of China are still stranded at Nepalese airport.

　　Up to now, there are about 350 China tourists stranded in tribhuvan international airport. China Embassy vacated the consular compound, arranged special personnel to receive China citizens who came for help, and more than 150 people were temporarily arranged to spend the night safely in the museum. In addition to Nepalese citizens who are traveling in China, there are more than 2,100 Chinese-funded institutions in China.

　　Click to view the summary of important information:

　　Summary of Important Information of Strong Earthquake in Nepal on 25th

　　Summary of Important Information on 26th Strong Earthquake in Nepal

Team Xiang Ye of Medical College made a breakthrough in the research of African swine fever virus.

Li Pilong’s research group of School of Life and Li Haitao’s research group of Medical College cooperated to report the new mechanism of histone modification regulating chromatin compartmentalization by promoting phase separation.

The Engineering Laboratory of Medical College reported the key factors regulating the spread of dengue virus and put forward a new anti-dengue blocking strategy.

The research group of Li Yue, Department of Electronics, issued a report on the realization of near-zero exponential concept devices by dielectric integrated optical doping.

Fang Xianyang’s research group of School of Life has made new progress in the solution structure study of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus.

Zhu Junming and Xue Lan of the School of Public Administration jointly published a document to reveal the impact of China’s carbon emission trading policy on low-carbon innovation.

Zhong Yi’s research group of School of Life reveals the downstream molecular mechanism of active forgetting of different memory components.

Xiao Bailong from the School of Pharmacy and Li Xueming from the School of Life jointly published a paper in Nature.

Reveal the delicate molecular machines structure and mechanism that mediates human tactile perception.

Team Xiang Ye of Tsinghua Medical College has made a breakthrough in the research of African swine fever virus.

On September 17th, a team led by Xiang Ye, an associate professor hired by Tsinghua University Medical Dean and a researcher at Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, published an academic paper entitled "Structure of the African Swine fever virus major capsid protein p72" online in Cell Research. In this study, the high-resolution structure of African classical swine fever virus capsid protein p72 was analyzed for the first time by the method of three-dimensional reconstruction of single particle by cryoelectron microscope, and the possible assembly mechanism of African classical swine fever virus capsid was revealed, which laid a solid foundation for the development of African classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine.

African swine fever virus originated in Africa, and the mortality rate of domestic pig infection is nearly 100%, which is a great threat to domestic pig breeding industry and even people’s livelihood and economy. African swine fever virus has spread rapidly from Africa to Europe, South America and some parts of Asia in the past few decades. In August 2018, African swine fever virus infection was found in northeast China, and soon the virus spread to most parts of the country, causing economic losses of more than 100 billion yuan. At present, it is urgent to develop effective vaccines and epidemic prevention measures to control and prevent African swine fever virus. In response to the urgent needs of the country, Tsinghua University Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure took the lead, and more than a dozen research groups from Peking University, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Pasteur Institute and other units began to tackle key problems of African swine fever virus in April this year.

▲ Structure of African classical swine fever virus: a. Simulate the capsid structure of African classical swine fever virus produced by virus assembly according to the capsid protein p72 structure of African classical swine fever virus; B freeze electron microscopic structure of African classical swine fever virus capsid protein p72 trimer.

African swine fever virus is a double-stranded DNA virus with complex structure. Its genome is protected by two capsids and two outer membranes. The capsids are mainly composed of virus coding protein p72. According to previous experimental data, p72 accounts for about 33% of the total weight of virus particles, and p72 is the main antigen that can be detected in the blood of infected pigs. At the initial stage of studying p72 protein, Xiang Ye’s research group found that p72 protein with correct folding conformation could not be obtained by recombinant expression of p72 protein alone, and only when p72 was co-expressed with another helper protein B602L encoded by African swine fever, could the p72 protein with correct folding conformation be obtained. On this premise, the research team determined the high-resolution 3-D structure of p72 protein of 2.67 angstrom (above) by using the method of single particle 3-D reconstruction with cryoelectron microscope. The results showed that three p72 molecules formed a stable trimer form. Each p72 contains two pancake-like domains connected in series, and each domain consists of eight β-folded sheets, which is very common in the capsid protein structure of icosahedral virus. The six cake-like structures of trimer p72 together form a pseudo-hexamer whose bottom is anchored on the inner membrane of the virus. The inserted fragments between trimer p72 folded sheets together form a propeller-like top structure that extends out of the virus, which is most likely the receptor binding area on the cell surface.

There have been many attempts to study subunit vaccines based on p72 protein of African classical swine fever virus, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. The failure of previous studies is probably due to the failure to use the correctly folded p72 protein. Obtaining the correctly folded p72 protein and determining its high-resolution structure are helpful to develop drugs targeting virus capsid assembly and subunit vaccines. At present, the research and development and evaluation of p72 subunit vaccine are being closely carried out by Tsinghua University and Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Associate Professor Xiang Ye is the correspondent of this article. Liu Qi, a 2014 Ph.D. student from Tsinghua University Life Union Center, is the first author of this paper. Ma Bingting, a 2015 Ph.D. student from Xiangye Laboratory, Associate Professor Tan Xu from Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy and their laboratory members Qian Nianchao and Zhang Fan, and Professor Lei Jianlin, director of the cryo-electron microscope platform of Tsinghua University Life College, participated in this work.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-019-0232-x

Li Pilong’s research group of Tsinghua Life College cooperated with Li Haitao’s research group of Medical College to report the new mechanism of histone modification regulating chromatin compartmentalization by promoting phase separation.

On September 16th, Li Pilong’s research group of Tsinghua University Life College cooperated with Li Haitao’s research group of Tsinghua University Medical College. An academic article entitled "Histone modifications regulate chromatin compartmentalization by contributing to a phase separation mechanism" was published in Molecular Cell.

Eukaryotic cells use many membrane-bound organelles to distinguish biochemical reactions in order to better regulate space and time. For example, their genomes are enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle, namely the nucleus, in order to better control the genetic information flow. In the nucleus, the genome is further regulated to form many compartments or regions, which play an important role in regulating gene expression. Judging from some of their characteristics, these dynamic solid compartments are similar to membraneless organelles. Many protein that play a role in chromatin compartmentalization have the inherent ability of liquid-liquid separation, such as human heterochromatin protein HP1α and Drosophila heterochromatin protein HP1a. Based on these observations, it has been suggested that chromatin compartmentalization is formed by liquid-liquid separation. However, the previous studies can’t explain why the other two homologous proteins, HP1β and HP1γ, of human heterochromatin protein HP1α, which can’t be separated by themselves or from DNA, perform similar functions, and whether the formation of constitutive heterochromatin is regulated by the liquid-liquid separation mechanism formed by multivalent interaction between multivalent HP1 protein complex and multivalent histone H3K9 trimethyl (H3K9me3).

▲ Liquid-liquid separation mediated by multivalent interaction between H3K9me3 on nucleosome string and CD of HP1 complex promotes the formation of heterochromatin compartments.

In this work, Li Pilong and Li Haitao’s research group cooperated to prove that in vitro, the modification of histone H3K9 trimethyl (H3K9me3) and the multivalent interaction of recognizing its modified HP1 chromatin domain Chromodomain(CD) can lead to the formation of heterochromatin. The authors used two polyvalent HP1-CD complexes, the key chromatin fragment (NE) extracted from human nucleus and the nucleosome string (NA) modified by H3K9me3 in vitro as experimental systems. Several evidences show that the formation of these droplets is mediated by liquid-liquid separation. The resulting droplets are reminiscent of the dynamic behavior of heterochromatin and its response to biochemical regulation and mutant phenotype. The author concludes that the liquid-liquid separation driven by multivalent H3K9me3/CD interaction is the key force for the formation of heterochromatin in cells. To sum up, this study proposed a general mechanism of histone labeling regulating chromosome compartmentalization by promoting liquid-liquid separation.

Li Pilong and Li Haitao are co-authors of this article. Wang Liang, a 2015 Ph.D. student from Tsinghua University Life College, Gao Yifei, a 2016 Ph.D. student from Medical College, and Zheng Xiangdong, a postdoctoral fellow from Medical College, are the co-first authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(19)30658-6

Cheng Gong Laboratory of Tsinghua Medical College reported the key factors regulating the spread of dengue virus and proposed a new anti-dengue blocking strategy.

On September 16th, Professor Cheng Gong from Tsinghua University Medical College published an academic paper entitled "Host serum iron modulations of dengue virus acquisition by mosquitoes" (doi: 10.1038/S41564-019-0555-) in Nature Microbiology. This study found for the first time that the iron content in human serum is the key factor to regulate the transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes, and put forward an anti-dengue transmission blocking strategy based on iron supplementation.

Dengue fever is one of the most widespread viral infectious diseases in the world. Dengue virus is carried by mosquitoes and spread to people. At present, dengue fever has been prevalent in more than 100 countries and regions around the world. According to the estimation of the World Health Organization, about 2.5 billion people in the world live in areas threatened by dengue infection, 390 million people are infected or repeatedly infected with dengue virus every year, and 500-1 million people are hospitalized. Dengue fever has become the largest insect-borne viral infectious disease in the world. In recent 20 years, the epidemic trend of dengue fever in the world has intensified, which has become a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the primary vectors of dengue virus transmission in nature. This kind of mosquitoes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but the epidemic trend of dengue fever is not completely consistent with the distribution of mosquitoes, and there are obvious population and regional differences in dengue fever. Identifying the key factors affecting the spread of dengue virus is a key scientific problem to be answered in this field.

Mosquitoes can acquire viruses from infected hosts by sucking blood. Within a few days after mosquitoes suck blood, the infected person’s blood is quickly digested. At the same time, the virus in the blood infects the intestinal epithelial cells of mosquitoes and spreads into the body cavity of mosquitoes, so that mosquitoes have the ability to spread viruses. The above two processes are highly coincident in time, so researchers speculate that host blood factors or blood metabolites can regulate the process of virus infection in mosquitoes, and ultimately determine the vector efficiency of mosquitoes carrying and spreading viruses. Through a series of screening, it was found for the first time that the iron ion content in the host serum was highly negatively correlated with the ability of mosquitoes to acquire virus by blood-sucking, and it was proved that the iron ion concentration in the serum was the key negative regulatory factor to inhibit mosquitoes from acquiring virus infection. The results of further research show that iron ions in serum can be directly utilized by the iron metabolism system of intestinal cells after entering the intestinal tract of mosquitoes, which inhibits the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in cells, leading to a significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal tract of mosquitoes, and finally inhibits the infection and amplification of viruses in mosquitoes (Figure 1).

▲ Figure 1. Host serum iron ions can increase the level of reactive oxygen species in the intestinal tract of mosquitoes and inhibit the infection of dengue virus in mosquitoes by inhibiting the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in intestinal cells.

Iron deficiency is a nutritional problem widely existing in nature. According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency is widely distributed in Africa, South America, Southeast Asia and other regions. By comparison, it can be found that the distribution area of iron deficiency is highly coincident with the epidemic area of dengue fever, so the researchers speculate that the iron deficiency state of the population is closely related to the epidemic of dengue virus. In the subsequent study, it was found that the low iron state of the host can promote mosquitoes to infect the virus during blood feeding, and iron supplementation to the low iron host can block the spread of the virus. It shows that universal iron supplementation is an effective means to cut off the spread of dengue virus in nature, which will provide a new prevention and control idea and strategy for dengue virus prevention and control.

▲ Figure 2. Iron supplementation to the host can block mosquitoes from carrying and spreading dengue virus.

Professor Cheng Gong of Tsinghua University Medical College is the correspondent of this paper, and Zhu Yibin, a postdoctoral fellow of Tsinghua University Medical College, is the first author. Professor Wang Penghua from the Medical College of the University of Connecticut, Professor Liu Qiyong from the Institute of Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Professor Bian Zhongqi from the Department of Infectious Diseases of the 920th Hospital of China People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Professor Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr from Thailand Xianhuang Institute of Technology, and Wu Tianshi, deputy chief physician of Tsinghua University School Hospital, are the collaborators of this paper.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0555-x

The research group of Li Yue, Department of Electronics, Tsinghua, published a report in Nature Communication on the realization of near-zero exponential concept devices through dielectric integrated optical doping.

On September 11th, the research group of Associate Professor Li Yue of Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering published a research paper entitled "Substance-integrated photonic doping for near-zero-index devices" in Nature Communications. It is the first time to propose an optical doping method that can be integrated with dielectric to realize functional devices with near-zero exponential electromagnetic characteristics, which provides a new design method for new chip integrated circuits and has potential application value in biosensor, integrated circuits, functional materials and other fields.

▲ Conceptual diagram of dielectric integrated optical doping: (a) linear structure, (b) bending structure.

Near-zero-index device is a kind of functional device based on near-zero index medium. Compared with traditional electromagnetic devices, it has the characteristics of deformation, local adjustment and field enhancement. Electromagnetic wave in near-zero exponential medium presents a special wave effect of spatial static distribution, including near-zero refractive index and group velocity, as well as infinite wavelength and phase velocity. In 2017, Professor Nader Engheta and Associate Professor Li Yue of the Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania jointly published an article in the journal Science, proposing the concept of optical doping based on near-zero exponential media for the first time, transplanting doping technology from micro-scale to macro-scale, and regulating the magnetic permeability of equivalent media through doping in non-ordered media, thus realizing multi-modal control such as paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ideal magnet. It is a kind of aperiodic structure.

▲ Experimental observation of optical doping characteristics of dielectric integration: (a) test platform, (b) near-zero reflection, zero phase and high group delay.

Based on the engineering application of the new theory, this paper puts forward an optical doping method based on dielectric integration. Combining with typical integrated circuit technology, the regulation of optical doping on the magnetic characteristics of equivalent media is expressed as the regulation of the electromagnetic response of chip integrated devices, and a variety of near-zero exponential functional devices are realized. For example, a high-sensitivity biosensor with the help of local field enhancement effect in doped media, an efficient photoacoustic modulator with weak mechanical vibration, and an "electric fiber" (analogous to optical fiber) that can be bent and deformed at will and its working frequency remains unchanged. In addition, Li Yue team verified the electromagnetic characteristics of the concept of dielectric integrated optical doping through experiments, and observed zero phase shift, high time delay, position independence of doped media and device shape independence, which were consistent with the analytical theoretical prediction and full-wave simulation results.

The theoretical and experimental work of this thesis was completed in Tsinghua University, and the Department of Electronic Engineering of Tsinghua University was the first unit of this thesis. Li Yue and Nader Enkhtar are the corresponding authors of this article, and Zhou Ziheng, a doctoral student in the Department of Electronic Engineering, is the first author. Other authors include Li Hao and Sun Wangyu, Ph.D. students from Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering, and Dr. Inigo Liberal from Navarre Public University.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12083-y

Fang Xianyang’s research group of Tsinghua Institute of Life has made new progress in the study of solution structure of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus.

On September 10th, Fang Xianyang’s research group of the School of Life cooperated with Qin Chengfeng’s research group of the Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the Academy of Military Medicine. A research paper entitled "Long non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus has extended 3D structures and is flexible in solution" was published in EMBO Reports. In this paper, the solution structure of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from flavivirus type 2 dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus was reported in detail for the first time.

▲ Flow chart of studying the structure of flavivirus sfRNA solution by SAXS and computational simulation.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, which plays a variety of important functions in organisms and is a hot spot in life science research. Like its host, almost all viruses can encode long-chain noncoding RNA. Many mosquito-borne flavivirus, such as dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus, are pathogens that pose a great threat to human health. A large number of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA(sfRNA) will accumulate in the infected host cells, which play an important role in the pathogenicity of the virus and the immune escape from the host.

It is of great significance to study the structure-function of long-chain noncoding RNA, but at present, there is no effective means to study its three-dimensional spatial structure, so the three-dimensional spatial structure information of long-chain noncoding RNA is still very little. The length of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from mosquito-borne flavivirus is between 400 and 500 nucleotides, so it is very difficult to study its structure by using traditional structural biology methods, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance or cryoelectron microscopy. Fang Xianyang’s research team and their collaborators, combined with small-angle X-ray scattering technology and computational simulation, studied the solution structure and flexibility of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from dengue virus type 2, Zika virus and West Nile virus by step-by-step solution. It is found that the long non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus has multiple subdomains, which have an extended three-dimensional spatial structure in solution, modular structural characteristics similar to multi-domain proteins and great flexibility.

It is particularly interesting that the three-dimensional spatial shapes and structures of the dumbbell-shaped domains in series of sfRNA of Dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus based on small-angle X-ray scattering data are significantly different, which is presumed to be caused by the topological differences of their pseudo-knots in series. This inference is confirmed by further computational simulation, in vitro biochemistry and in vivo cell experiments. This study is an active exploration of the three-dimensional structure of long-chain noncoding RNA. The research results of this paper not only provide important structural information for understanding the physiological function of sfRNA, but also show that the integrated structural biology method based on small-angle X-ray scattering and computational simulation is a feasible method for studying the three-dimensional structure of other long-chain noncoding RNA solutions.

Fang Xianyang, researcher of Tsinghua University Life College, and Qin Chengfeng, researcher of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, Institute of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, are co-authors of this article. Zhang Yupeng, a 2013 direct doctoral student of Tsinghua University Life College, Zhang Yikan, a 2016 general doctoral student, Dr. Liu Zhongyu, an associate professor of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, and Cheng Mengli, a master student of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, are co-authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201847016

Zhu Junming and Xue Lan of Tsinghua University of Public Administration jointly published a document to reveal the impact of China’s carbon emission trading policy on low-carbon innovation.

On September 9th, Associate Professor Zhu Junming and Professor Xue Lan from School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University published a research paper entitled "Low-carbon innovation induced by emissions trading in China" online in the international academic journal Nature Communications, and evaluated the effect of the pilot policy of carbon emissions trading in China on promoting enterprise innovation and its mechanism.

Carbon emission trading is a widely concerned market-based carbon emission reduction policy, which has been adopted by many countries and regions in the world and can play an important role in mitigating climate change. At present, the empirical knowledge about the effect of carbon emissions trading policy mainly comes from the study of EU carbon market. However, people still have little understanding of the scope of this market-oriented policy, the influence of interaction with other policies and the changes in the mechanism brought about by policy design, which limits the further promotion and greater role of the policy.

In order to solve this problem, Associate Professor Zhu Junming and Professor Xue Lan from School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University pay close attention to the pilot policy of carbon emission trading in China since 2013, and use enterprise-level data and patent application information to empirically test the influence and potential mechanism of the policy on low-carbon innovation of enterprises by using the methods of matching and double difference. Low-carbon innovation is helpful to get rid of the path dependence on carbon-intensive economy and energy infrastructure, and alleviate the negative impact caused by the uncertain trend of carbon emission reduction, which is very important to achieve stable emission reduction.

▲ Patent application trends of carbon trading enterprises and non-carbon trading enterprises.

It is found that, on the basis of the impact of policies such as energy conservation and emission reduction and low-carbon pilot projects, carbon emission trading has promoted trading enterprises to increase 1.75 low-carbon patent applications within two years, which is close to the policy effect of two low-carbon patent applications in the EU carbon market within five years, and at the same time, it has increased the applications of other types of patents, especially other green technology patents. The influence scope of the policy goes beyond the carbon emission trading enterprises, and the influence on enterprises that have not been included in carbon trading but may be included in the future is also very significant. It is also found that the innovation behavior of enterprises is not affected by the price of carbon trading, but by the way of quota allocation. This series of research findings provide a reference for the construction of China’s national carbon market.

Associate Professor Zhu Junming from the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University is the first author and co-author of the article, while Deng Xinghua, a former postdoctoral fellow in Tsinghua University and now a lecturer at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, is the co-author of the article, and Professor Xue Lan and Fan Yichun, an undergraduate graduate of Tsinghua University and now a master of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, are the co-authors of the paper.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12213-6

Zhong Yi’s research group of Tsinghua Institute of Life reveals the downstream molecular mechanism of active forgetting of different memory components.

On September 5th, the research group of Zhong Yi, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University published a research paper entitled "Genetic Dissection of Active Forgetting in Labile and Consolidated Memories in Drosophila" in PNAS.

In this paper, the downstream molecular mechanisms of active forgetting of unstable short memory and stable long memory in Drosophila were systematically compared and analyzed for the first time. It was found that the active forgetting of unstable short memory was mediated by Rac1/WAVE complex/ Dia pathway, while the active forgetting of stable long memory was mediated by Cdc42/WASp/ Arp2/3 complex pathway. As Dia and Arp2/3 complex are reported to regulate the linear growth and branching growth of neurofilament skeleton respectively, the research results of this paper provide an interesting possibility: the active forgetting of memory components with different stability may be related to the growth mode of different forms of neurofilament structure.

▲ Analysis of forgetting mechanism of stable memory and unstable memory.

As early as 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, described the forgetting curve of the human brain for newly acquired memories, and began the journey of human beings to explore the mystery of forgetting. In the following 100 years, many scholars tried to find the mechanism of forgetting by using the method of experimental psychology, and also created a variety of theories to explain the phenomenon of forgetting, but ultimately failed to get a unified answer. As a basic feature of human memory, forgetfulness has been widely studied and reported in psychology, but almost no one cares about it in the research of neurobiology, and it has become a "forgotten corner". The main reason may be that the forgetting process is simply regarded as another description of memory failure, and it is a passive process (if you remember poorly, you will forget quickly, and if you remember well, you will forget slowly), thus ignoring the unique molecular mechanism of forgetting itself.

Until 2010, Professor Zhong Yi’s research group discovered the biological mechanism of active forgetting for the first time, that is, the learning process itself will activate the molecular pathway of forgetting signals to actively forget the formed memories. This active forgetting mechanism does not affect the quality of learning itself, but specifically affects the speed of forgetting acquired memories. Moreover, different memory components will have their own active forgetting mechanisms. For example, in the olfactory punishment learning of Drosophila, one training (5 minutes) can produce two completely different memory components at the same time: unstable anesthesia-sensitive memory (ASM) and relatively stable anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) which lasts for more than one day. Zhong Yi’s research group has found that a study session can activate Rac1 molecule in the small G protein family to erase the unstable anesthetic sensitive memory that lasts for several hours, and activate Cdc42 molecule, another member of the small G protein family, to forget the more stable anti-anesthetic memory that lasts for more than one day. However, the specific downstream molecular pathways of the forgetting mechanism mediated by Rac1 and Cdc42 are not clear.

Recently, the research paper published online by Zhong Yi’s research group analyzed the downstream molecular pathways of these two forgetting mechanisms for the first time: Rac1/WAVE complex/ Dia pathway mediates the active forgetting of short-term memory components (unstable anesthesia-sensitive memories that last for several hours), while Cdc42/WASp/ Arp2/3 complex pathway mediates the active forgetting of long-term memory components (relatively stable anti-anesthesia memories that last for more than one day). Both of these active forgetting mechanisms occur in the mushroom body of the learning and memory center of Drosophila (the mushroom body contains about 4000 neurons, and the whole brain of Drosophila has more than 100 thousand neurons). Interestingly, cell biology research found that Dia was directly responsible for the linear growth of microfilament skeleton, while Arp2/3 complex was responsible for the branching growth of microfilament skeleton. This suggests that the active forgetting function of different memory components may be related to different forms of dynamic changes in the microfilament skeleton structure of neurons. On the one hand, these research results bring the academic understanding of the molecular mechanism of forgetting into a more detailed dimension, on the other hand, they provide more effective pharmacological targets for directly regulating the function of forgetting.

Gao Yang, a Ph.D. student in the School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University, Shuai Yichun, a researcher in the Janelia Research Campus of the United States, Zhang Xuchen, a graduate doctoral student in the School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University, and Peng Yuwei, a doctoral student, are the co-first authors of this paper. Professor Zhong Yi from Tsinghua University and Assistant Researcher Li Gan are co-authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903763116

Xiao Bailong of Tsinghua Pharmaceutical College and Li Xueming’s research group of School of Life jointly published a paper in Nature.

Reveal the delicate molecular machines structure and mechanism that mediates human tactile perception.

On August 21, Nature (Nature) The journal published the research paper "Structure and Mechanizing of the Mammalian Tactical Channel Piezo2" written by Xiao Bailong’s research group of Tsinghua University Pharmaceutical College and Li Xueming’s research group of College of Life Sciences. The three-dimensional structure and exquisite working mechanism of high-resolution cryoelectron microscope, a mechanical force molecular receptor-PIEZO 2 ion channel, which gives human tactile perception ability, are reported for the first time. This research is another important research achievement in this field after the two research groups reported in Nature on January 22nd, 2018 the high-resolution three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanism of another member of the mechanically gated PIZO channel family-PIZO 1 ion channel, which not only strongly promoted the understanding of the structural basis and molecular mechanism of PIZO channel family, but also laid a solid foundation for drug development based on PIZO channel. At the same time, Nature published a commentator’s article and spoke highly of the research.

Touch, as one of the five senses, not only gives us the ability to perceive pleasant touches such as shaking hands, stroking and kissing to maintain normal social behavior, but also bears the biological basis for human beings to skillfully use various tools such as touch screen, mobile phone or mouse. However, under pathological conditions such as tissue injury or inflammation, abnormal tactile perception function can lead to severe mechanical hypersensitivity (also known as touch pain). For example, patients with cancer or arthritis often suffer from severe pain caused by slight touch such as dressing or walking, which seriously affects individual health and quality of life. In addition, autistic people usually show more sensitive tactile perception than ordinary people. Recent studies suggest that this abnormal tactile function may be one of the important causes of autism.

Tactile perception originates from the response of mechanical force sensing molecular receptor-mechanically gated cation channel expressed on primary sensory neurons to mechanical force stimulation, which causes extracellular cations, such as sodium ions and calcium ions, to flow into cells, which in turn induces nerve cell excitement and signal transmission, and finally leads to tactile sensation. In 2010, the research group of Professor Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Institute in the United States identified that the Piezo gene family encodes the necessary components of mechanically gated cation channels in mammals. In 2012, Dr. Xiao Bailong, who is engaged in postdoctoral research in Professor Patapoutian’s research group, and his colleagues reported in the journal Nature that Piezo protein constitutes the core pore component of mechanically gated cation channels, thus establishing a brand-new ion channel family type of mechanically gated Piezo channels for the first time.

Subsequent studies have proved that Piezo2 mediates the mechanical perception of tactile, proprioception (such as posture balance perception) and visceral perception (such as lung contraction and expansion, blood pressure perception and heart rate regulation) in mammals, while Piezo1 has been found to act as a molecular receptor of mechanical force in a variety of cell tissues and participate in regulating the development of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, blood pressure homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling and many other functions. The genetic mutation of Piezo gene has been found to cause many human genetic diseases, including erythrocytopenia syndrome, lymphatic edema, distal joint contracture, tactile loss and so on. The human body with the loss-of-function mutation of Piezo2 not only shows tactile and proprioception defects, but also loses the perception of mechanical hypersensitivity in pathological state, which confirms that Piezo2 channel can be used as an important target for developing new analgesic drugs.

▲ Figure A, schematic diagram of frozen electron microscope of Piezo2, in which each subunit is represented by a different color; B, a schematic diagram of a dome-shaped structure surrounded by three outward twisted transmembrane paddle areas, and the transmembrane area is marked by the green dotted line; C, schematic diagram of the topological structure of Piezo2 with 38 transmembrane regions; D, a subunit structure of Piezo2 constitutes a display diagram; E, Piezo2 central pore module area; F, the central pore area of Piezo2 and Piezo1 surrounded by IH-CTD; The radius distribution diagram of the central pore area of G, Piezo2 and Piezo1, including the switch gate of transmembrane area and the Constriction neck)； of intracellular area; H, Piezo1 and Piezo2 mutants with deletion of hat region lack the current induced by mechanical stimulation.

Dr. Xiao Bailong’s research group comprehensively uses the multi-disciplinary research methods, such as biochemical structure, electrophysiological patch clamp, Qualcomm dosage drug screening, transgenic mouse model and human genetics, and focuses on solving the key scientific problems of how the mechanically gated Piezo channel converts mechanical stimulation into electrochemical signals, and how it uses its own mechanical sensitivity and channel characteristics to determine related physiological and pathological functions, and is committed to developing new drugs and technologies targeting Piezo channel. Up to now, as a correspondent (including co-author), he has made a series of important research achievements in the three-dimensional structure analysis, molecular mechanism revelation, small molecule drug discovery and physiological and pathological function exploration of Piezo channel.

In this latest Nature paper, relying on the technical system and research platform established by two research groups for analyzing the structure of Piezo1 channel by cryo-electron microscope, the researchers have made unremitting efforts for more than six years to overcome the difficulty of extremely low expression of mouse-derived Piezo2 with a total length of 2,822 amino acids. Through continuous exploration and optimization of protein purification conditions and sample preparation methods by cryo-electron microscope, a stable and homogeneous protein sample was finally obtained for data collection by cryo-electron microscope. In the process of structural analysis, Piezo protein is extremely flexible, which brings great challenges to the resolution of high-resolution structures. The researchers expanded the symmetry of Piezo2 data particles, cut them into three parts, and calculated them independently, so as to obtain high-resolution structures of each part and then put them together into a complete structure, overcoming the flexibility problem, and finally obtained a three-dimensional structure with an overall resolution of 3.6-3.8 angstroms (Figure A), and successfully analyzed the complete topological structure of Piezo2 protein including 38 transmembrane helical regions (Figures C and D).

The researchers found that the overall three-dimensional structure of Piezo2 channel is similar to that of Piezo1 channel previously analyzed, and it is assembled into a trilobal propeller-like structure with 114 transmembrane helical regions in the form of homotrimer (Figure a-d), and it is established that Piezo channel is a kind of large membrane protein with the most transmembrane times so far. Among them, the 1st to 36th transmembrane helix regions (TM1-36) are sequentially assembled into 9 repetitive structural units with the 4th transmembrane helix region as the unit, and this characteristic structural unit was previously named THU (Transmembrane Helical Unit) with the abbreviation of Tsinghua University (Figure c, d). Very interestingly, these nine thus are connected in series to form a special non-planar transmembrane "Blade" structure, which leads to the three blades enclosing into a dome-shaped structure with a diameter of 28nm and a depth of 10nm (Figure B). Researchers speculate that this dome-shaped PIZO protein-cell membrane system may be one of the structural foundations of PIZO channel with high mechanical sensitivity.

The extracellular "Cap" domain located above the central pore region is completely embedded in the bottom of the dome (Figures A and B), while there is a 9nm long Beam structure inside the cell, which connects the peripheral end of the blade to the intracellular position of the central pore region (Figures a-e). The 38th transmembrane helix (named inner helix, IH) and the trailing intracellular carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) form a central pore part (Figures E and F), including a narrow neck located in the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic region (Figures F and G), suggesting that the Piezo channel structure is in a closed state. The structural comparison between Piezo2 and Piezo1 shows that the transmembrane region narrow site is completely closed in Piezo2 structure, but open in Piezo1 (Figure f, g). Based on this, the researcher proposed that the narrow site forms a switch gate of transmembrane region (Figure f, g). Further structural analysis and electrophysiological function experiments show that the gate may be controlled by the rotation of the top hat domain (Figure H). However, because the narrow constriction neck located in the cytoplasm region is in the closed state in both Piezo1 and Piezo2 structures (Figure f, g), it remains to be further proved whether this site is controlled by the conformational changes of the blade and long rod structure as another switch gate.

Dr. Xiao Bailong said that through the full cooperation with Dr. Li Xueming’s research group, the analysis of the structure from Piezo1 to Piezo2 not only strongly promoted the understanding of the structure and mechanism of mechanical gating of Piezo channel in mammals, but also provided a solid foundation for exploring the mechanism of human diseases caused by the dysfunction of Piezo channel and the identification and discovery of related drugs. Relying on the all-round research platform and academic accumulation of Piezo channel established by their research group, they will devote themselves to the drug discovery and development of Piezo channel.

Dr. Xiao Bailong from Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy and Dr. Li Xueming from College of Life Sciences are co-authors of this paper. Wang Li, a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy, Zhou Heng, a 2015 doctoral student at School of Life, Zhang Mingmin, a 2013 doctoral student, and Liu Wenhao, a 2016 doctoral student, are the first authors. In addition, Dr. Deng Tuan, Zhao Qiancheng (now a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University) and Li Yiran of Xiao Bailong’s research group also participated in some research work. Dr lei Jianlin of Tsinghua University cryo-electron microscope platform provided help for data collection of cryo-electron microscope.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1505-8.pdf

Graphic | School of Medicine, School of Life, Department of Electronics, School of Public Administration, School of Pharmacy

Editor | Li Jing

CCTV News:Five departments, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, issued an announcement on matters related to the implementation of the national six emission standards for automobiles.

In order to implement the Emission Limits and Measurement Methods of Light Vehicle Pollutants (China Phase VI) (GB 18352.6— 2016) and "Pollutant Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Heavy Diesel Vehicles (China Phase VI)" (GB 17691— In 2018), the relevant policies to help enterprises bail out, stabilize and expand automobile consumption are implemented. The relevant matters concerning the nationwide full implementation of the National Sixth Emission Standard 6b for light vehicles and the National Sixth Emission Standard 6b for heavy diesel vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the National Sixth Emission Standard 6b) are announced as follows:

1. From July 1, 2023, the national sixth emission standard 6b stage will be fully implemented, and the production, import and sale of automobiles that do not meet the national sixth emission standard 6b stage will be prohibited. The production date is based on the vehicle manufacturing date of the motor vehicle certificate, and the electronic information of the certificate should be uploaded before 0: 00 on July 1, 2023; The date of import is based on the date of arrival of the goods import certificate; The date of sale shall be subject to the date of motor vehicle sales invoice.

Two, for some of the actual driving pollutant emission tests (that is, RDE test) report results as "monitoring only" and other light vehicles, give a half-year sales transition period, allowing sales until December 31, 2023.

Three, automobile production and import enterprises, as the main body responsible for the consistency management of environmental protection production, should disclose the vehicle emission inspection information and pollution control technical information before the vehicle leaves the factory or enters the country according to the relevant provisions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Air Pollution Prevention Law, so as to ensure that the actually produced and imported vehicles meet the requirements. Relevant certification bodies shall issue compulsory product certification certificates according to the national six emission standards 6b stage.

　　Recently, a master’s thesis entitled "Sociological Research on Fart" was circulated on the Internet, causing controversy. Some netizens are "sarcastic": Cold Window has studied hard for so many years, and it is really a "fart". Some netizens commented after reading that things that seem meaningless and are sneered at are "serious things to dig into."

　　The Paper noted that the paper was written in 2007 by Gao Jianwei, an in-service master of sociology at Huazhong Normal University. At that time, Gao Jianwei not only passed the master’s thesis defense with this paper, but also was rated as "excellent".

　　As early as 2015, the paper had aroused public concern. Li Yaxiong, a tutor of Gao Jianwei and a professor at Huazhong Normal University, said in an interview with the media at that time, "There are actually many aspects in life that are worth exploring, and there is no need to always repeat some meaningless topics. Some topics that look different or niche are often more worthy of consideration and there will be more interesting discoveries."

　　In this regard, Zheng Zuoyu, a professor at the School of Sociology of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that whether the paper can be written well depends on whether the attitude is correct. In his view, even if the topic is high, but the attitude is not good, "no use"; On the contrary, if the academic attitude is correct, the topic "No matter how bizarre it is" can also be described as a classic.

　　The thesis was praised by the tutor.

　　"I am often mentioned by people around me such a question: How did you do such a topic?" Gao Jianwei explained at the beginning of his thesis "Sociological Research on Fart" that he chose this topic because he accidentally saw two stories about fart on the Internet. In both stories, the protagonist changed his life track because of a fart, which triggered Gao Jianwei’s thinking.

　　Gao Jianwei believes that "fart" is not only a physiological phenomenon, but also a social phenomenon, which has various correspondences with social relations. Through the study of a large number of historical materials, he pointed out that fart exists as a social taboo in both western culture and eastern culture. This taboo not only spreads in all aspects of our daily life, but also widely exists in the superstructure fields such as education, manners and customs, habits, morality and even law.

　　Gao Jianwei deeply analyzed how fart behavior and phenomenon changed from a physiological behavior to a social taboo from the perspective of social genetics, and revealed the complex mechanism of this operation process. In the process of social development, fart has evolved from indiscriminate human behavior to behavior that occurs more frequently among some social members, and then to negative behavior in moral evaluation, and finally evolved into a form of social taboo.

　　The paper mentions that in the early stage of human beings, division of labor and class have not yet appeared, and fart behavior is primitive human beings — — That is, the most frequent and common physiological phenomenon of our ancestors. With the development of productive forces, social relations have changed, and the diet types and habits of the rich have changed, and they no longer fart frequently. At this point, the human fart experience has completed the first historic change, that is, from a common physiological phenomenon of human beings to a behavior that occurs more frequently and more commonly among some members of society (more poor people).

　　Through this transformation, fart behavior has gained some social significance, reflecting the fact that the upper and lower classes coexist and oppose each other. In order to maintain its dominant position, the upper class not only establishes an absolute control position in the political, economic and cultural fields, but also strives to "shape" the social state that adapts to its dominant position. Distinguish the upper and lower classes by etiquette, self-cultivation and taste. The upper class is often considered polite, while the members of the lower class are ordinary, vulgar and even despicable. In this context, farting is labeled as a negative moral label. Under the power of discipline, "fart" has changed from a negative social behavior defined by the upper class to a social taboo, and has been recognized and obeyed by all members of society.

　　He believes that this genetic process comes from the strange characteristics of power operation, namely, duality, dependence and publicity. Then it discusses the fart behavior and phenomenon of "no taboo", and thinks that this phenomenon essentially reflects the taboo existing form of fart behavior and phenomenon, and is related to the strange characteristics of power operation.

　　The Paper noted that this is not the first time that this paper has been concerned by netizens. In 2015, Beijing Evening News reported on this matter. Li Yaxiong, Gao Jianwei’s tutor and professor of Huazhong Normal University, was quite appreciative of the paper when interviewed.

　　According to his memory, when the paper was opened, the teachers all laughed at the first sight of the topic, but after the "laugh", everyone quickly discussed its academic value from a professional point of view, not simply talking about the matter, but using sociological theory for analysis. Li Yaxiong told the Beijing Evening News reporter at that time that Gao Jianwei’s research found a new way. In the case of repeated research, it was "precious" and teachers generally supported it.

　　"The defense effect is also very good, and it has also been rated as excellent. He (Gao Jianwei) has a good writing style and clear thinking. " Li Yaxiong said that because it is not convenient to do actual investigation, Gao Jianwei presented the genesis of fart, its vertical development in different times and the social meaning behind it through literature analysis and quotations. "I welcome this topic that comes from life and has humanistic care."

　　In this regard, The Paper recently contacted Professor Li Yaxiong several times for an interview, but the other party declined on the grounds of being away on business.

　　College teachers: With a correct attitude, no matter how strange the topic is, it can become a classic.

　　In fact, in recent years, many papers have attracted public attention because of their unique topics. Previously, papers such as "The Utopian Cat: The Identity and Fantasy of Cats Fans" and "The Influence of Illicium verum on the Volatile Flavor of Braised Chicken and Its Mechanism" have caused heated discussions.

　　"This is a question of diversification of topics, which I think is a good thing." Rui Liu, tutor of master students in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that the development of disciplines is characterized by "specialization" and "cross-integration", and "many problems that we didn’t think could be studied before have emerged now". "Personally, I think it is necessary to study such different problems, which can cover many blind spots of previous knowledge and inspire the society." Rui Liu said in an interview with The Paper recently.

　　In this regard, Zhou Tingting, an associate professor at the School of Journalism, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that college students are active in thinking or familiar with new media, so they can really pay attention to some new phenomena. "Many phenomena can be used as the research topics of our thesis, but we should find an in-depth observation angle based on the discipline, not just describe ‘ Phenomenon ’ It is meaningless to do a simple analysis. " Zhou Tingting said.

　　Tan Songhua, a member of the National Education Advisory Committee, said that he had not read the above papers and could not comment on them. "How to write a graduation thesis, it is difficult to have a unified statement. Students with different majors, hobbies and energies have different factors to consider when choosing a topic. " Tan Songhua said that as far as he guides graduate students, the practical significance is more important when choosing the topic of the thesis, for example, it can promote the development, reform and social progress of the country.

　　For more and more "unique topics", Zheng Zuoyu, a professor at the School of Sociology of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, said that "there is nothing wrong with it". "Academic research should have cared about your life and the society you live in. Now that the era in which students live is full of these phenomena, it is natural to study these phenomena. " According to Zheng Zuoyu, the question is not whether the research topic is "innovative" or "serious", but whether the research attitude is correct.

　　Zheng Zuoyu said that individual students "lead a muddled life" and "choose the most mindless topic" when writing their papers. "Such a topic, even if it sounds tall, is actually vague." Zheng Zuoyu said that attitude is more important for writing papers.

　　"When I take part in the insurance research interview, I will ask students what fields they are interested in and have studied." Zheng Zuoyu found that most students from rural areas would say "I want to do rural research", or most female students would say "I want to do gender research". "But not many of these students have really studied the relevant knowledge. They just think that because of their identity, they can make some sense at worst. " Zheng Zuoyu believes that in this case, even if the topic is tall, the attitude is not correct, and it is "no use"; On the contrary, if the academic attitude is correct, the topic "No matter how bizarre it is" can also be described as a classic.

　　What do students think about the topic of the thesis? Li Yong (pseudonym), a graduate student in a university in Hunan, told The Paper that according to his observation, the source of the topic mainly has three parts, one is the combination of previous practical activities, the other is the combination of interests, and the third is from the tutor. "I prefer topics that I am interested in, and at the same time consider the significance of research, so I am motivated to write." Li Yong believes that interest is a good entry point. "When the school informs you to write a paper, you often feel confused and then choose a familiar field." (The Paper reporter He Liquan intern Hu Tianyi)

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, July 14th Question: how to ensure supply and price stability if it continues to operate at a low level? -Price articles of mid-year economic research bank

Xinhua news agency reporter

Prices are related to economic operation and affect people’s lives. In the first half of this year, China’s prices maintained a stable operation, but since the second quarter, due to multiple factors, the increase has declined.

In the first half of the year, the national consumer price index (CPI) rose by 0.7% year-on-year, lower than the 1.7% increase in the same period last year. Among them, in June, CPI rose by 0.2% year-on-year from last month to flat, down by 0.2% month-on-month.

How to treat the current price trend? In the past few days, Xinhua News Agency reporters have conducted in-depth investigations in Hunan, Jiangsu and other places, and have truly felt that all parties have a solid support for effectively coping with price fluctuations, continuously strengthening the supply and stability of prices, and maintaining the stable operation of prices throughout the year.

Guarantee the supply of important commodities for people’s livelihood

Near the evening, many citizens are choosing pork, eggplant and other products at Chanan Farmers’ Market in jianye district, Nanjing, Jiangsu.

"Now, the price of vegetables and meat is generally low. The price of ordinary pork belly has dropped to more than 10 yuan a catty, and the’ vegetable basket’ is more comfortable." Aunt Xu, a Nanjing citizen who came to the market to buy food, said.

Since the beginning of this year, prices have continued to fall due to the time difference between supply and demand recovery and the high base.

Lower prices will help to reduce the cost of living of the people, but for the relevant production enterprises, it means that the sales price will fall, resulting in shrinking profits.

In the fruit trading area of Red Star Global Agricultural Products Wholesale Center in Changsha, Hunan Province, watching boxes of durian imported from Vietnam being unloaded in an orderly manner on the cold chain transport vehicle, Zhang Xinghua, the head of the "Fruit Taoren" business department of Hunan Fruit Friends Company, recorded the weight of durian in detail in a notebook, and roughly calculated the cost and estimated income.

"At the beginning of this year, we added a Vietnamese durian procurement contract. Durian shipments increased by 20% compared with last year, but the market sales volume was delayed, the average sales price fell, and the income continued to decline." Zhang Xinghua said.

Restricted by unstable income expectations and other factors, the demand of high-end fruit market has declined as a whole, which is a challenge for fruit wholesalers.

How to meet the challenge? Zhang Xinghua mainly plays "two cards".

"On the cost side, improve procurement efficiency, further optimize import transportation routes and reduce expenses; On the sales side, strengthen the national market pre-judgment and adjust shipments in a timely manner. For example, the price of durian in some cities in the north has rebounded, which will increase the supply to these cities. " Zhang Xinghua said that the company’s durian supply is still sufficient.

From the perspective of food prices, the fluctuation of pork prices is more obvious. In June, the price of pork decreased by 7.2% year-on-year, which was 4 percentage points higher than that of the previous month.

According to industry insiders, the pig breeding industry has been losing money for many months, and some pig enterprises have even fallen into the dilemma of "selling more and losing more". Under the pressure of low pig prices, most pig enterprises practice "internal strength" hard to improve management efficiency and fully hedge the risk of lower pig prices.

The reporter walked into the pig breeding factory of Mu Yuan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd. in Lishui, Nanjing. Locating bars, intelligent environmental control, precision feeding and other equipment were widely used in pig houses. The pregnant houses and delivery rooms were clean and tidy, and almost no pungent odor was smelled.

"By using digital technologies such as automatic inspection and intelligent recipe feeding, the daily gain of pig fattening exceeded 1000 grams, the survival rate increased by about 5%, and the breeding efficiency was greatly improved, which greatly alleviated the impact of this round of pig price decline." Qin Shaojun, regional manager of Sunan of Mu Yuan Group, said that the supply of live pigs in the group is generally stable at present.

Guaranteed supply and stable price, all localities are working hard. Jiangsu identified 881 emergency supply enterprises for daily necessities, established a special supply network and increased supply outlets; Jingde County, Anhui Province guides key commercial enterprises to broaden sources of supply and strengthen supply reserves; Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province opened the "Bus Vegetable Basket Huimin Station" to deliver fresh agricultural and sideline products to residents’ doorsteps through "direct mining, direct supply and direct sales" …

"In the face of multiple pressures, all localities and departments made efforts from both sides of supply and demand, strengthened the analysis and judgment of price trends, and timely adopted targeted price stabilization measures. In the first half of the year, the supply of important people’s livelihood commodities was sufficient, and the CPI generally maintained a moderate increase." Wang Likun, an associate researcher at the Institute of Market Economy of the State Council Development Research Center, said.

Actively respond to the downward impact of PPI

Coordinate the delivery schedule with the steel sales company, communicate with the old customers about the demand for steel, and adjust the delivery schedule by staring at the online steel price trend in real time … Yanyu, who has been engaged in steel agency for 15 years, said frankly that "steel prices have been bottoming out and I feel very nervous".

"This year, we signed a purchase agreement with Handan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. for more than 60,000 tons of construction steel and cold-rolled steel plates, and shipped more than 5,000 tons of steel every month as planned, but since the beginning of the year, the price of steel has continued to be sluggish, with a year-on-year decline of about 30%." Smoke jade said.

"Low price" is the feeling of many commodity enterprises this year.

Mainly affected by international import factors, commodity prices continued to fall. In the first half of the year, the national producer price index (PPI) decreased by 3.1% year-on-year, and the decline expanded month after month.

In the investigation, the reporter found that relevant industries are actively responding to the downward impact of PPI through innovative measures such as adjusting product structure and improving industrial chain.

At 4: 00 pm on June 28th, the oil tanker "Haixinyou 616" was loaded with 9981 tons of aviation kerosene and sailed from Pier 11 of Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company to Shanghai Pudong Airport, which was the sixth oil tanker that the company sailed that day.

Facing the downward fluctuation of international crude oil price and the shrinking profit space of refined oil, chemical products and by-products, Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company aimed at market demand, increased the production and supply of aviation kerosene, high-end graphite materials, aromatic hydrocarbons and other products, and tapped new profit growth points.

"In the first half of the year, the output of aviation kerosene increased by 35% year-on-year, which not only helped to ensure the recovery of the civil aviation industry, but also increased revenue and efficiency for enterprises." Liu Wenbao, manager of the production planning department of Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company, said that we expect that there is still room for growth in sales and profits throughout the year.

PPI is related to the price of raw materials, and its decline is expanding, which increases the operating pressure of upstream enterprises, but it is conducive to reducing the production costs of downstream industries such as home appliances and paper making, which is good for downstream enterprises.

"Affected by positive factors such as falling raw material prices and stable sales, the consumption of household appliances such as air conditioners and refrigerators maintained a relatively high growth in the first half of the year, and the unit price growth rate of user consumption was above double digits. On average, there were more than 50 stores in various formats such as Suning Yijia Plaza Store and Suning Yijia Flagship Store." The person in charge of Suning.cn said.

Li Gang, a researcher at the Institute of Industrial Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, analyzed that PPI is mainly affected by changes in the international market, and it is not completely synchronized with CPI fluctuations. Keeping its fluctuation range at a relatively reasonable level is conducive to the coordinated development of upstream and downstream industries. Recently, the policy of stabilizing industry has been continuously introduced, some of which are taking effect, helping enterprises to stabilize orders and expand the market, and the cardinal utility has weakened. The year-on-year decline of PPI is expected to narrow in the second half of the year.

Prices may remain moderately rising.

As an important indicator of macroeconomic operation, the price increase has continued to fall, even causing some concerns about the economy falling into deflation. Will prices continue to fall in the second half of the year? How to treat the price situation? The reporter came to the front line to observe the price dynamics.

Xinfadi market is called the "vegetable basket" of Beijing citizens. Tong Wei, the person in charge of Xinfadi Market, said that recently, the average daily market volume of vegetables has stabilized at around 19,000 tons, and the prices of some vegetables have increased due to the rebound in demand. For example, cucumbers produced in Langfang, Hebei Province have high tenderness and good taste, and the demand continues to increase, driving up prices.

According to the data of key e-commerce platforms, the demand for fruit consumption in the season is strong, and the price of fresh fruit is expected to pick up. "Recently, we have increased the purchase of seasonal fruits such as peaches and bayberries, and launched hundreds of products to cool off the summer and ensure market supply." The person in charge of the US group buying food said.

At present, the price of "vegetable basket" has increased year-on-year. According to the monitoring of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, from July 3 to July 9, the average weekly wholesale price of 28 kinds of vegetables monitored mainly increased by 13% year-on-year.

The price trend is the same as that of the "vegetable basket". Under the influence of policies such as promoting consumption, the prices of home appliances and tourism are on the rise.

At present, Suning.cn has further increased the supply of high-end household appliances. "Recently, the order volume of high-end home appliances has continued to increase, and it is expected that the unit price of user consumption will further increase." The person in charge of Suning.cn said.

According to Wang Likun’s analysis, with the increasing endogenous kinetic energy of China’s economy, the bilateral recovery of supply and demand tends to be balanced, and the market circulation order continues to improve, market confidence increases and expectations continue to improve. It is expected that the overall price increase will gradually return to a reasonable level in the second half of the year.

The National Energy Administration urged power generation enterprises to implement a stable supply of coal and gas, sign a medium-and long-term contract agreement on coal and gas with good quality and quantity, and actively respond to the peak of electricity consumption this summer; The National Development and Reform Commission will, together with relevant parties, start the second batch of central pork storage and purchasing during the year, and guide all localities to synchronize storage and purchasing, so as to push the price of live pigs back to a reasonable range as soon as possible; Hubei and Beijing issue a new round of coupons …

Recently, all parties have made active efforts from both sides of supply and demand to ensure the supply of important commodities for people’s livelihood and promote the continuous recovery of consumer demand. According to industry analysts, at present, China’s total economic supply and demand are basically balanced, and the monetary conditions are reasonable and moderate. At the end of June, the broad money (M2) balance increased by 11.3% year-on-year; Residents’ expectations are stable and there is no basis for long-term deflation or inflation.

"From the perspective of the whole year, with the steady expansion of China’s market demand and the gradual increase of production and supply, the relationship between supply and demand is expected to be generally stable, and consumer prices will generally maintain a moderate increase." Fu Linghui, spokesman of the National Bureau of Statistics, said. (Reporter Wei Yukun, Gao Kang, Yan Fujing, Zhao Jiulong, Zhou Nan)

Original six-story demon tower

Photo: Huang Zi | Written by: Six-story Demon Tower | Editor: Ayue

▲ Image source: homemade in the eleventh clinic

Have not had sex all the time, can you not do gynecological examination?

First of all, answer the first question: even if you have never had sex, you need to have a gynecological examination.

Of course, here we should distinguish between broad and narrow gynecological examinations. When it comes to gynecological examination, many fairies first associate it with gynecological examination.

It requires women to lie on a special gynecological examination bed, and doctors can open the yin channel through a speculum (duck-billed forceps) to check the yin channel and the cervix, and if necessary, take samples and check the secretion of the yin channel and the exfoliated cells of the cervix, and then know whether there is any abnormality in the uterus and bilateral ovarian fallopian tubes through Shuang Hezhen or triple diagnosis.

The gynecological examination that our doctors usually say includes a series of laboratory tests such as ultrasound and tumor markers, in addition to physical examination.

For female friends who have never had sex, gynecological examination is definitely not suitable, but this does not mean that we don’t need gynecological examination.

We should not actively ignore or passively refuse gynecological examination because we have never had sex.

Yaota met many female patients who had never had sexual life in clinical work. It was precisely because of the wrong idea that there would be no gynecological diseases without sexual life that the best treatment opportunity for the disease was delayed. Among them, there were many cases of malignant tumors, which can be said to be a lesson of blood.

What makes me feel most sorry is a patient not long ago. She never had sex, so she never had a gynecological examination. She had a gynecological B-ultrasound by chance and found a tumor in her uterus. She sought some Chinese medicine treatment by mistake, but it didn’t work. One day she came to our hospital because of acute abdominal pain.

We thought it was just a simple fibroid degeneration, but after the operation, we realized that the condition was far more serious than we thought. The final postoperative pathology was uterine sarcoma, a highly malignant uterine tumor.

After surviving the postoperative rehabilitation period and unusually uncomfortable chemotherapy, I thought everything was going well. However, less than a month after the end of chemotherapy, the tumor recurred and metastasized to the intestine, and she underwent laparotomy again.

The last time I contacted her, she told me, Yaota, I won’t go to your hospital. The tumor has metastasized to the lungs. I’ll go to another hospital. Later, I didn’t see her update her circle of friends. I don’t know how she is now, but I can still remember her strong smile.

▲ Image source: giphy

Forgive the demon tower. I’m old, and I feel it. It’s a bit far.

What tests should I do if I have no sex life?

Then answer the second question: even if we have never had sex, we can still do gynecological B-ultrasound (transabdominal or anal ultrasound); You can also check yin secretion, tumor markers and hormone levels. And from the point of view of gynecological physical examination, although we can’t do Shuang Hezhen, we can learn about pelvic cavity through anal examination when necessary.

Gynecological B-ultrasound: It can help us to know the thickness of endometrium, whether there is abnormal echo in uterine cavity (such as endometrial polyp and submucosal myoma), whether there is abnormal echo in myometrium (such as hysteromyoma and adenomyosis) and whether there is abnormal echo in ovarian fallopian tube (such as ovarian tumor and hydrosalpinx);

Yin secretion: it is not that there will be no yin inflammation without sexual life! Doctors can use a cotton swab to get yin secretion for laboratory examination without opening the yin channel with a speculum.

Tumor marker: This test is more routine and simple, that is, blood drawing. Among many tumor markers, CA125, which is closely related to female diseases, is the most common and you know the most. Generally speaking, CA125 will be elevated in many cases, such as before and after menstruation, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian malignant tumor.

Hormone level: including six items of sex hormones, AMH and other tests, we often need to use the results of six items of sex hormones to help doctors judge the condition when diagnosing and treating female endocrine diseases such as abnormal uterine bleeding and polycystic ovary. AMH can help us understand the reserve function of female ovaries and better guide pregnancy preparation. These are also blood tests.

▲ Image source: giphy

What will happen if I accidentally do the yin examination?

The third question: What will happen if you accidentally do the yin examination?

Before answering this question, first of all, we need to be clear. First, we can’t choose not to check out because of fear or concern. Second, when we ask the doctor, we should clearly tell the doctor that I have never had sex before, so as to avoid the possibility of accidentally doing yin examination to a great extent.

Through the description of gynecological physical examination in Yaota, I believe you may have guessed that the following may happen to women who have no sexual life after yin examination.

ache

Yin Dao flap (common name hymen) is a mucous membrane with certain elasticity. With the invasion of speculum, yin Dao flap has not broken yet, but it will induce vulvar pain due to expansion. At this time, something must be done to stop it.

Rupture and bleeding of yin valve

Some female friends have high elasticity of the yin valve, and there may be no obvious pain in the process of entering the speculum, but with the opening of the upper and lower leaves of the speculum, the yin valve will basically rupture or even bleed during this process.

At this time, it is necessary to compress the wound to stop bleeding. Generally, a sterile cotton ball will be selected, and it will be removed after 5 to 10 minutes of compression to observe the bleeding of the wound.

Because the yin flap is thin, there are often some capillaries distributed here, which can basically stop bleeding through compression. However, if it happens to damage a relatively large blood vessel, it may be necessary to stop bleeding through suture if necessary, but this situation is very rare.

infect

If this happens unfortunately, you must pay attention to the cleanliness of the vulva after the bleeding stops, so as to avoid infection of the wound. Of course, this kind of situation is also very rare, because this kind of wound of yin mucosa usually heals very quickly.

Yao ta Xiao tips

If the doctor gives you a gynecological B-ultrasound checklist, you must see clearly whether it is through the yin channel, abdomen or anus before paying the fee. If it is through the yin channel, or if you feel that you can’t accept the transanal B-ultrasound examination, you must find a doctor to change the checklist.

Original title: "It is strongly recommended that all women must do these four tests during physical examination (whether they have sex or not)"

Read the original text

　　In the past few days, a screenshot poking fun at domestic refined oil prices has been widely circulated in the circle of friends:

　　"Ten years ago, on March 20, 2008, the international crude oil was $147 per barrel, and the domestic oil price was 6.3 yuan; Ten years later, on May 26th, 2018, the international crude oil price was $75.56 per barrel, and the domestic oil price was 7.4 yuan. Maybe the bucket is expensive. "

　　In fact, since the international oil price plummeted in the second half of 2014, similar paragraphs have emerged one after another. From a purely numerical point of view, today’s international oil price is indeed lower than that of ten years ago, and the domestic refined oil price is indeed higher than that of ten years ago. However, the pricing mechanism of refined oil in China is not as simple as many people think, especially when the consumption tax on refined oil has increased by nearly seven times. It is unreasonable to simply compare the figures. To discuss the comparison of oil prices between 2008 and today, we need to consider the following factors:

　　petrol quality upgrade

　　In 2008, private cars still drank the national standard gasoline, and today it is the national standard gasoline ten years later. The "2+26" cities including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei have been upgraded to the national standard in advance. When oil products are upgraded, prices naturally rise. According to the statistics of Zhuo Chuang Information, a market organization, the price increase standards for automobile gasoline and diesel from the third country to the fourth country are 290 yuan and 370 yuan per ton respectively; The price increase standards for upgrading from National IV to National V are respectively 170 yuan and 160 yuan per ton. That is, the total price of gasoline is increased by 460 yuan/ton, which is equivalent to the price increase of No.92, which is 0.36 yuan.

　　The consumption tax on refined oil has increased by nearly seven times.

　　The consumption tax on refined oil refers to the tax paid by consumers when they consume refined oil. It is paid by the main units such as refineries at the initial stage of production, commissioned processing and import. The collection targets include seven subheads, including gasoline, diesel oil and fuel oil, which belong to the central tax category. China began to levy consumption tax on gasoline in 1994. In 2008, the domestic consumption tax on gasoline was only in 0.2 yuan/liter.

　　From the end of 2014 to the beginning of 2015, the domestic consumption tax on refined oil was raised three times in 45 days. At that time, the Ministry of Finance said that the consumption tax in China is not generally levied, but only on "some consumer goods with high energy consumption, high pollution and high consumption". "The consumption tax on refined oil is conducive to promoting resource conservation and curbing excessive consumption of energy, which is a relatively common practice in the world." Regarding the timing of raising the tax rate, the Ministry of Finance explained that "choosing to implement it when the oil price goes down not only did not lead to an increase in oil prices due to tax increase, but also realized the synchronization of tax increase and price reduction, taking into account the macro-control needs and social affordability."

　　After three upward adjustments, the gasoline consumption tax was 1.52 yuan/liter, which has been maintained to this day.

　　In addition to consumption tax, China consumers also need to pay value-added tax and urban construction tax when purchasing refined oil. It is roughly estimated that the tax burden cost of circulation links accounts for about 40% of the total refined oil price.

　　"At present, domestic refined oil products include 1.52 yuan/liter consumption tax, 16% value-added tax and 12% other taxes and fees. Due to the different oil prices in different regions of China, the proportion of taxes and fees is also different. " Xu Na, a refined oil analyst at Zhuo Chuang Information, told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) that the current price of No.92 gasoline in Guangzhou is 7.44 yuan/liter, including 1.52 yuan/liter consumption tax, 1.03 yuan/liter value-added tax and 0.31 yuan/liter other taxes. Therefore, on the whole, the price increase of Guangzhou No.92 gasoline includes 2.86 yuan tax, accounting for 38.4%.

　　In addition, the tax burden of refined oil products in different countries in the world is not horizontally comparable, because the tax burden is related to national policies, oil production capacity, per capita income level and social welfare.

　　Changes of refined oil pricing mechanism

　　Ten years ago, there was no price adjustment cycle for domestic refined oil products, which was not closely related to international oil prices.

　　The current refined oil price mechanism stipulates that the prices of gasoline and diesel are adjusted every 10 working days according to the changes of crude oil prices in the international market, and the effective time of price adjustment is 24: 00 on the release date of price adjustment. As long as the international oil price is between the "floor price" of $40/barrel and the "ceiling price" of $130/barrel, the change rate should be adjusted if the adjustment range of gasoline and diesel exceeds that of 50 yuan. When the price adjustment range is lower than the 50 yuan per ton, no adjustment will be made, and it will be added or offset in the next price adjustment.

　　Because of this, after the international crude oil price soared to an all-time high of $147 per barrel in 2008, the domestic refined oil price did not rise as the international oil price soared. For the smooth operation of the domestic economy, domestic "two barrels of oil" did "pay the bill" for high oil prices.

　　At the beginning of 2015, a paragraph about oil prices was widely circulated on the Internet: "Today (March 20th) is a special day. Seven years ago, today in 2008, the international crude oil was $147 per barrel, and the oil price in China was RMB per liter in 6.3 yuan. Today in 2015, the international crude oil is 43 dollars per barrel, and the China oil price is still 6.3 yuan RMB per liter. Is the oil price going up or down? " Just a few words have attracted countless spit and controversy.

　　In this regard, Sinopec claimed to be "the big head" in the official Weibo: "Today (referring to March 21, 2015), the international crude oil is 43 US dollars per barrel, and the EU is about 9.1 yuan and China is about 6.3 yuan per liter. Seven years ago, today in 2008, due to the economic situation in China and the pressure from all sides, the price adjustment of domestic refined oil was reduced. The international crude oil was US$ 147 per barrel, while the EU was about RMB 14.8 per liter, while China was only 6.3 yuan per liter. Who is ‘ Big head ’ , you know. "

　　The following figure shows the global ranking of gasoline price increase as of May 28, 2018 (part):

　　CCTV News:On August 12th, Zhejiang Province held the 121st press conference on the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic to introduce the latest situation. At the meeting, it was reported that from 0: 00 to 15: 00 on August 12, Zhejiang reported 8 new cases of local positive infections (all asymptomatic infections, except 1 case in Tongxiang, the rest were in Yiwu), of which 6 cases were detected in centralized isolation points and 2 cases were detected in social screening, and control measures have been implemented. In addition, 5 new confirmed cases were confirmed, all of which were asymptomatic infected people before, all in Yiwu.

　　Since the outbreak of "08.02" in Yiwu, 56 local confirmed cases have been reported, including 52 cases in Jinhua (including 46 cases in Yiwu, 3 cases in Lanxi, 1 case in Jindong, 1 case in Dongyang and 1 case in Pujiang), 1 case in Wenzhou (in Yueqing), 2 cases in Quzhou (in Jiangshan) and 1 case in Lishui (in Liandu). There are 545 local asymptomatic infections, including 542 cases in Jinhua (including 515 cases in Yiwu, 19 cases in Dongyang, 4 cases in Lanxi, 3 cases in Jindong and 1 case in Pujiang), 1 case in Wenzhou (in Ouhai) and 2 cases in Shaoxing (in Zhuji).

one、The 301st batch of new cars was publicized, and 168 new energy vehicles were declared [read the original]

On October 16th, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology publicly declared the new products of the Announcement of Road Motor Vehicle Manufacturers and Products (the 301st batch), and declared 168 models of new energy automobile products from 84 enterprises, including 156 models from 82 enterprises, 4 models from 4 enterprises and 8 models from 4 enterprises.

Source: First Electric Network

2、The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the list of smart manufacturing pilot demonstration projects in 2017, and seven new energy vehicle projects were listed [read the original]

On October 16th, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the list of smart manufacturing pilot demonstration projects in 2017, including 17 automobile projects, including 5 pilot demonstration projects of new energy vehicle power battery smart factory and 2 pilot demonstration projects of intelligent manufacturing of lithium titanate materials.

Source: First Electric Network

3、Guangdong Province solicited opinions on the new energy vehicle policy, which will be implemented by 50% of the state subsidy in 2017 [read the original].

Recently, Guangdong Province issued the "Provincial Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles (Draft for Comment)", which stipulates that consumers (including units and individuals) who purchase new energy vehicles in Guangdong and register and declare at the place of registration shall give comprehensive subsidies for new energy vehicles, and the distribution enterprises shall apply for comprehensive subsidies for local vehicles. Vehicles registered since January 1, 2017 are 50% of the state subsidy; The local subsidy for fuel cell vehicles is not less than 4,500 yuan /kW (calculated according to the rated power of vehicle fuel cells), and the local subsidy does not exceed the national subsidy.

Among them, non-individual users apply for subsidies, and the cumulative mileage of vehicles must reach 30,000 kilometers (except for special vehicles for work); If the mileage is not up to standard, you should apply for subsidies after reaching the standard. The subsidy standards and technical requirements shall be implemented in accordance with the year when you obtain the driving license. Individuals who have applied for subsidies to buy vehicles, and the accumulated mileage has not reached 30 thousand kilometers, shall not be transferred to non-individual users. Before the introduction of this policy, if the transferred vehicles involve non-individual users, the accumulated mileage must reach 30,000 kilometers before applying for subsidies.

Source: First Electric Network

four、The full text of four national standards, such as the interoperability test specification for conductive charging of electric vehicles, was released [read the original]

On October 15th, the national standard full-text disclosure system issued the "Notice on the disclosure of the full text of 36 national standards such as GB 13094-2017". GB/T 34657.1-2017 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging Interoperability Test Specification Part 1: Power Supply Equipment; GB/T 34657.2-2017 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging Interoperability Test Specification Part 2: Vehicles; GB/T 34658-2017 Communication Protocol Consistency Test between Off-board Conductive Charger and Battery Management System of Electric Vehicle.

Source: First Electric Network

five、The full text of two national standards, such as "Signs of Control Parts, Indicators and Signal Devices of Electric Vehicles", was released [Read the original]

On October 13th, the national standard full-text disclosure system issued the "Notice on disclosing the full-text of national standards in China National Standard Announcement No.23 in 2017", including GB/T 4094.2-2017 "Signs of operating parts, indicators and signal devices of electric vehicles" (implemented on July 1st, 2019), GB/T 34582-2017 "Solid oxide fuel cells and

Source: First Electric Network

6. Take charge of Beijing’s new energy to build cars and show new forces.

Recently, the surging new energy vehicles have once again sent heavy news. According to reliable sources, Zhang Hailiang, the vice chairman of LeTV, who has been accompanied by rumors of leaving the company, will officially take charge of the electric coffee car as the chairman and CEO. People familiar with the matter said that the reason why Zhang Hailiang chose to take charge of Beijing Electric Cafe was not only optimistic about the future market prospects of new energy vehicles, but also another challenge to his career. In addition to Xiang Dongping, the former executive vice president of VOLVO China, who broke out last week, Niu Shengfu, the former CTO of LeTV, will also join Beijing Electric Cafe. It can be predicted that under the leadership of Zhang Hailiang, electric coffee vehicles will gather more energy and possibilities, making it a powerful promoter of the future pattern of new energy vehicles.

Source: Sohu Auto

7. "Hand in hand" Didi develops the electric network car market.

On October 15th, Qingdao TELECOM New Energy Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as TELECOM) and Beijing Didi Wireless Technology Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Didi) signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement. Although specific projects have not been determined, it has created opportunities for TELECOM to improve the charging business layout of the car in the automobile charging network industry chain and expand the car market in the electric network.

Source: Geshi Automobile

8. Fully access the "new national standard" and customize the charging interface for China users.

On October 16th, Tesla announced that it would launch the models with charging interfaces in line with the "New National Standard" (GB/T20234-2015) to the Chinese mainland market. Tesla will fine-tune the body of new models sold to Chinese mainland to adapt to the change of charging interface, and all Tesla models made in China will be equipped with new national charging interfaces in the future.

Source: First Electric Network

9. Changjiang Automobile signed an order for 500 electric buses with Sino-Chongqing International Strategic Cooperation.

On October 11th, after three months of communication and negotiation, Chongqing International and Changjiang Automobile reached a comprehensive cooperation consensus on pure electric buses, and the two sides held the first batch of 500 order signing and 30 delivery ceremony in Hangzhou. The Internet financial platform, Rongwang, will provide full-process financial service support.

Source: car watcher

10. The monthly output of Qingdao Laixi Base exceeded 10,000 vehicles for the first time.

A few days ago, good news came from Beiqi New Energy Qingdao Industrial Base in Jiangshan Town, Laixi City, Qingdao. The 10012th car produced in September drove off the final assembly line, and Qingdao Base became the first manufacturing center to break through the monthly output of 10,000 vehicles in the domestic new energy automobile industry.

Source: china industry news.

11. Invest 12.5 billion yuan to produce 20GWH ternary lithium battery Nissan battery China headquarters and production base settled in Zhenjiang.

On October 15th, Nissan Battery China headquarters and production base with a total investment of 12.5 billion yuan signed a contract to settle in Zhenjiang New District. Nissan Battery’s China headquarters and production base are invested and constructed by Jinshajiang Capital, with a total investment of 12.5 billion yuan and fixed assets investment of 10 billion yuan. After the production of Zhenjiang base, the capacity of 20GWH ternary lithium battery can be formed. It is estimated that taxable sales will reach 20 billion yuan and profits and taxes will reach 4 billion yuan.

Source: Yangzi Evening News

12. Shell is suspected of acquiring charging operators to settle in the new energy field.

Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies recently announced that it plans to acquire New Motion, an operator of electric vehicle charging stations, which has more than 30,000 electric vehicle charging points in Western Europe. Shell will systematically serve new energy vehicles by adding fast charging devices to gas stations and arranging more ordinary charging devices in workplaces and residential areas. It is expected that in the next few decades, the station will still provide new energy and fuel energy for consumers to choose.

Source: Pacific Auto Network

13. Guoen shares joined hands with Teruide to enter the new energy vehicle charging industry.

On October 15th, Qingdao Guoen Technology Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Teruide Electric Co., Ltd. signed the Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation Agreement. The two parties cooperated in the fields of nonmetallic materials, structures, protection and environmental control systems of box-type substations and charging piles, and Teruide designated Guoen as the sole supplier in the above fields at a reasonable market price. The two sides carried out joint technological innovation and product research and development in the fields of box-type substation and appearance structure of charging piles, and formed a comprehensive strategic cooperative relationship through in-depth cooperation of products and technologies.

The two sides jointly discussed cooperation in the new energy vehicle industry chain in the form of industrial fund investment and direct equity investment: the two sides discussed the establishment of a new energy vehicle industry fund, mainly to invest in new energy vehicle charging infrastructure projects; Guoen Co., Ltd. and Tektronix, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tektronix, jointly set up a joint venture company or increase the capital of Tektronix’s subsidiary to participate in the construction, operation and value-added services of new energy vehicle charging infrastructure.

Source: First Electric Network

14. Samsung SDI Tianjin Battery Factory is insolvent and the local state-owned party intends to transfer its equity.

On October 15th, Tianjin Property Rights Exchange Center showed that Samsung SDI and Tianjin Zhonghuan Electronic Information Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Tianjin Zhonghuan) and Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone State-owned Assets Management Company (hereinafter referred to as Economic Development Zone State-owned Assets) held 50%, 30% and 20% of the shares of Samsung Tianjin Battery respectively.

In this transfer, Tianjin Zhonghuan and Economic Development State-owned Assets transferred 10% and 20% of the shares respectively, and the reserve price of the transfer was 11.8103 million yuan and 23.6206 million yuan respectively, and other shareholders gave up the priority right of transfer. The reserve price of the 10% equity transfer of Samsung Tianjin Battery is only less than 1 million yuan higher than the 10,845,300 yuan subscribed by the 10% equity when the company was established.

Source: national business daily.

15. Beiqi New Energy EC180/200 pushes customized packages.

Recently, Beiqi New Energy EC series (including EC180 and EC200) will add customized packages in appearance and interior, and its price will increase by 2,000 yuan on the basic selling price of EC series models. In addition to these two colors of orange and blue, Beiqi New Energy will launch a customized version according to users’ preferences in the future, providing users with more diverse choices. According to different matching of users, the price may be different.

Source: car home.

16. Dongxu Optoelectronics: Graphene LED lights will be used for new energy buses and cars.

Dongxu Optoelectronics (000413) said on the interactive platform on the afternoon of October 16 that the company’s graphene LED lights will be used in new energy buses and cars to improve cruising range, reduce charging time and reduce electricity bills. At the same time, the lamp integrates many kinds of sensors and control units, which can be interconnected with Mingshuo technology smart street lamp to realize many functions such as accurate navigation, road warning, variable color temperature and so on.

Source: China Fund.

17. Hainan’s first new energy vehicle operation and service base settled in Sanya.

On the afternoon of October 15th, the signing ceremony of the first new energy vehicle operation and service base in Hainan Province jointly built by Guangwu Real Estate Group and BAIC Group was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Yalong Bay, Sanya. The new energy vehicle operation and service base is expected to be put into operation before the Spring Festival, and it will be the largest and only new energy vehicle operation and service base in Hainan Province.

Source: Sanya, China