February 18, event description

　　As the world’s largest sales volumeAutomobile enterprises, early 2024Put forward the "oil-electricity parity", and launched the DM5.0 hybrid system in May to quickly seize the traditional fuel vehicle market. On February 10, 2025, the concept of "equal rights for intelligent driving" was put forward again, and the intelligent driving technology of "Eye of the God" was launched, and the NoA technology of high-speed (high-speed and urban expressway) was decentralized to 70,000-yuan-class vehicles at the minimum, so as to promote the popularization and cognition of intelligent driving technology.

　　MinmetalsPublished a research report saying:

　　"Eye of the God" C’s pure vision solution will reduce the NoA hardware cost to less than 4,000 yuan. 12 camera +5 millimeter wave radar +12 ultrasonic radar with OrinN or domestic supplier Horizon andThe cost of the hardware scheme of the chip will be reduced to less than 4,000 yuan, which greatly reduces the threshold for vehicle mounting. In contrast, in 2020,P7, the explosive model, paid more than 10,000 yuan in hardware cost to achieve similar capability at that time.

　　"Erlangshen" three-eye camera cooperates with the occupied network to greatly improve the reliability of high-speed NoA with limited resources. The difference of this three-eye camera scheme is that it does not adopt the combination of common short, medium and long-focus cameras, but adopts the scheme of double wide-angle binocular cameras and long-focus cameras. By using the principle of binocular ranging similar to human eyes, the network is occupied, which greatly reduces the dependence of perception on recognition and increases the security of the system when facing difficult-to-identify objects.

　　The high-speed NoA function is decentralized to the free version of Seagull Smart Drive with a minimum of 78,800 yuan, which will cover about 87% of car sales. According to the data of high-tech smart cars, in 2024, about 1.97 million vehicles with high-speed NoA function were delivered by automobile terminals, most of which were new energy vehicles, accounting for about 18% of the total sales. And more than 78,800 yuan.It accounts for about 87% of the total domestic sales of new energy terminals, and there is huge room for growth if it penetrates rapidly. The high-speed NoA function of "Eye of God" is expected to enhance users’ trust in intelligent driving ability and effectively promote BYD’s automobile sales.

　　Intellectual driving brings equal rights.And the camera and the intelligent driving chip have the highest long-term certainty. Previously, BYD’s internal intelligent driving research and development was similar to the "horse racing mechanism", and "Eye of the God" unified the scheme and improved the reusability of data of different models. The platformization scheme of 12 cameras +5 millimeter-wave radar +12 ultrasonic radar brings about an increase in demand, and the computing power demand of 100 Tops level of the Eye of God C(DPilot100) also brings about an increase in the average price of chips in the parity scheme. In the long run, there is no substitute for visual sensors, and the parity chip of the eye of God C scheme has the largest increment, and the two are the most certain.

　　The pure vision "Erlang Shen" scheme effectively guarantees the lower limit of intellectual driving ability, but the upper limit still needs to be further developed. At present, the application of Eye of God C is still limited to high-speed NoA, and the version of Mona03Max in Tucki is expected to be delivered in the second quarter of 2025, which is equipped with NoA function of pure vision urban area (called NGP in Tucki) to stimulate the further competition of pure vision intelligent driving function. With the development of the industry and the stabilization of the political environment in the United States after Trump took office, it is expected that the negotiation of FSD’s entry into China will gradually become clear. When FSD enters China and participates in the competition, the upper limit of the pure vision scheme will become clearer.

This summer, a variety show "Summer of the Band" ignited the enthusiasm of countless people about music. It has been 35 years since the first band "seven plywood" was formed in 1984. Among them, there was not only the exciting rock boom in Hung Hom in 1994, but also the ups and downs of a new generation of musicians since then. The Beijing News interviewed music critic Zhang Xiaozhou, DJ Zhang Wei and musician Zhang Yadong. Looking back on these 35 years, the originality of musicians is not limited by the times, and every generation will have a genius. Many people say that the times made Cui Jian, but in turn it was Cui Jian who made the times, and outstanding musicians should make the times. Band culture, especially rock music culture, is a portrayal of the spirit of the times and social changes.

1984-1994

The band "Musical Aristocratic Children" emerged, emphasizing rock and technology.

The band is the embodiment of the spirit of the times. The 1980s was a special era for China society and China music.

In 1980s, China society entered the transformation from agricultural civilization to modern civilization. Before that, discos were all yellow songs and dances. After the reform and opening-up, some foreign musicians came to China to perform. In 1982, Masaji Sata from japanese pop came to Beijing to give a concert and became the first foreign musician to perform in China. In 1985, the British wham band came to Beijing. Tayu Lo appeared in Taiwanese music during this period. In 1982, Tayu Lo released his first album "What is it?", which led Taiwan Province pop music to the trend of criticism and reflection.

Music with free and unrestrained melody rhythm and bohemian stage performance quickly became popular among a group of young people in Beijing. They had the opportunity to hear these music, which was regarded as "decadent culture of western bourgeoisie" at that time, before most people in the country, including Cui Jian and others. In 1984, the "seven plywood" band, including Cui Jian, Liu Yuan and Yang Le, was founded. The band members were all Beijing Song and Dance Troupe actors, mainly covering foreign pop music. At that time, it was very fashionable for young people to play acoustic guitars and sing English songs. The band released the album "seven plywood" with the same name, which is regarded as the first music album published by Chinese mainland under the name of the band.

The picture of Cui Jian comes from the Internet.

In 1986, Cui Jian and his band sang "Nothing" for the first time at the first concert of 100 singers in the "World Peace Year" in Beijing Workers Gymnasium, which was regarded as the first crow and beginning of Chinese rock music. Zhang Xiaozhou thinks that Cui Jian brought rock music when China’s music was "nothing" at that time, which was caught off guard and unreasonable.

Young people in China began to show unprecedented enthusiasm for guitar and bass, the Beatles and Queen. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the first rock bands emerged collectively. Most of these young people have a musical background, or have family members engaged in music-related work, and they have been exposed since childhood. As a child of a song and dance troupe, he has high musical quality and is easy to get in touch with more cultural information. Many of their parents are folk musicians, Cui Jian’s father Cui Xiongji is a trumpet player, Dou Wei’s father Dou Shaoru is a wind player, and Liu Yuan’s father Liu Fengtong is a famous suona player.

During this period, the band preferred heroism and grand propositions, such as Dream Back to the Tang Dynasty, and the theme was less related to daily life. Musically, the pursuit of openness and unity, pay attention to arrangement. For many people who don’t have the chance to listen to European and American rock music, this generation of bands bears the role of Chinese’s rock enlightenment.

Tang dynasty band. The picture comes from the Internet.

In the late 1980s, China was still in a relatively closed social environment. Only in Wangfujing can there be a big bookstore where you can buy foreign records. Young musicians can only communicate with foreign students and diplomats. For example, Cui Jian guitarist Eddie is a Malagasy. Bands also exist mainly underground. In a few big cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, etc., there were band performances, which were concentrated in foreign clubs and restaurants. For example, Maxim’s restaurant in Beijing was the gathering place of bands and fashion performances at that time. There are often parties in Beijing’s diplomatic apartments, and only foreigners can go in. Cui Jian occasionally "tries his best" to get in.

During this period, China was on the eve of a commodity society, and it was lucky to have a Sony Walkman. At that time, there were no music festivals with tens of thousands of people, but there were book fairs with tens of thousands of people. Young people were hungry for advanced culture, but the word "rock music" could not even be promoted. That magic rock called "rock" "new music".

In 1991, Rolling Stone decided to enter the mainland music market. Producer Zhang Peiren came to Beijing from Taiwan Province to establish Magic Rock Culture, and in early 1991, he decided to sign the Tang Dynasty band under the brand of "Fire in China". In 1991, the first album "Fire in China" was released, which included 9 songs including Zhang Chu, Face, Tang Dynasty and Black Panther band. In 1994, Moyan Culture held the "Rock and Roll Concert of China Music Forces" in Hung Hom, Hong Kong, from which the three outstanding artists of Moyan resounded across the Taiwan Strait and three places, and thus played the "Spring of New Music".

Magic Rock Sanjie Plateau/photo

Face plateau/photo

1995 -2000

Multi-style band of provincial youth group

In 1995, the commercialization of Magic Rock failed. Coupled with rampant domestic piracy, rock music has been suppressed. The so-called "rock boom" in 1994 was just a dream.

At the same time, China society began to enter a comprehensive commercial transformation, and the market economy widened the gap between the rich and the poor. With the deepening of reform and opening-up, the reform of state-owned enterprises and the laid-off workers have broken the closed social structure of China, and private enterprises have emerged and the city has expanded. People are no longer bound by their birthplace and flock to big cities. This great social change has brought "young people from other provinces". Young people from other provinces have changed the composition structure of the China Band. The previous generation of bands mainly consisted of children of musical families. This generation of musicians "heroes don’t ask where they came from", and most of them have no musical background.

The characteristics of China bands in this period can only be described as "unable to be summarized". The band has diversified styles and distinctive features, so it is difficult to define it by a certain type of music. For example, Zi Yue and Second-hand Rose band combined China folk art, sketches and cross talk elements into rock music, while NO band had artist temperament, while Tongue and Inducing Society band showed social criticism.

By the end of 1990s, bands all over the country had blossomed everywhere, and various branches of rock music, such as heavy metal, punk and experimental noise, all produced their own representative bands. Mirror and New Pants were the earliest punk bands active in Beijing at the end of 1990s. At that time, Zhang Wei made a program "Anyone can play guitar" to teach guitar, which influenced a group of teenagers to learn guitar bands. Zhang’s original intention of doing this program is that there should be more bands in China, and all teenagers should have guitars to sing together.

The picture of New Pants comes from the Internet.

Zhang Xiaozhou believed that the bands in this period were the most unique and creative. However, due to the lack of commercial mechanism, many of them are not well known to the public, and the record production level of many bands cannot reflect their true strength.

During this period, younger bands appeared, such as Dada, Huaer and Mayday, which are called "Cutie" in Europe and America. Today, Dada is still the hottest band at that time in the eyes of bands in the same period as "Young Boys". Dada released their debut album "Angel" in January 2001, which included all domestic newcomers, media recommendation awards, best rock band and other 15 music awards within half a year. Another band, Huaer, is called the first underage rock band in China. In 1999, Huaer released its first album Next to Happiness, and in 2002, it appeared in TIME magazine. In the same year, an influential young band, Mayday, was born across the Taiwan Strait. Similar to the story of Flower Band, Mayday members also made their debut as students. Thanks to the valuable experience of live singing, Mayday was signed by Rolling Stone and became one of the rock bands in full swing at that time.

Flower band pictures from the Internet.

2000-present

"Slash youth" imitates foreign traces, no longer criticizes and stays away from profundity.

In the new century, with the formation of globalization, China society has entered the Internet era in which mobile phones and personal computers dominate daily life. During this period, the only-child generation grew up and became the main force of social consumption.

In China, music consumption was formed at this stage, and a music festival as a form of cultural consumption began to exist. In 2009, the first Strawberry Music Festival was founded, Midi Music Festival began to be market-oriented, and the number of performance venues such as Live House increased greatly. The development of self-media music platforms such as Douban and Shrimp has brought development space to a group of independent musicians such as Li Zhi. At the same time, musical instruments have become more and more popular, musical instruments have sprung up in a large area, and music education has developed rapidly. More young people who love music can go online to learn guitar, bass and drums. During this period, music copyright was paid attention to and protected, and bands began to appear on the stage of TV variety shows such as The Voice of China, Good Chinese Songs and China Band.

Bands all over the world are the same, and few people can support themselves with music. The biggest difference between musicians in the new century and their predecessors is that they no longer regard "band" as the only pillar of life, but they are a generation of "slash youth". Most of the bands run around the office building from nine to five during the day, and Xiong Hua, the bass player of penicillin, is currently working in a company. Lu Xiansen’s band members include structural engineers and architectural designers; Xue Ran, the lead singer of Luminous Curve Band, opened a Sichuan restaurant in his hometown in Shandong to support himself. These young people get together to play music on weekends, do what they like, and then return to work on Monday.

During this period, the number of bands exploded, which was 100 times and 1000 times higher than that of the previous two eras. "POST-ROCK" became popular. Post-Rock is a type of music derived from rock and roll. Its biggest feature is that there is almost no human voice, no lead singer, and it is played entirely by musical instruments. It pays attention to inner feelings, tortuous arrangement and delicate arrangement of instrumental music. It is not as angry as rock and roll, but has a sense of powerlessness, which is more in line with the delicate inner feelings of this generation of young people. The representative band is Wang Wen Band.

The "mourning" and "boredom" of a new generation of young people are also written into songs, for example, there is no party band in Caodong, Taiwan Province. Many bands in this period sang English songs, and their works were not as grand and critical as those in the previous two eras, but they paid more attention to their inner feelings. Also because this generation has got too much information, as an information-overloaded generation, the traces of imitating foreign bands are heavier. However, in terms of musical aesthetics and technical accomplishment, they are generally higher than the previous two generations. Enjoying the bonus of university enrollment expansion, many musicians at this stage have gone to university or even higher education.

Today’s China band is facing a very different reality from the 1990s. The instruments and equipment used by the band are more and more advanced, and all kinds of playing techniques are also more and more advanced. In the new era, the band has more convenient access to more diversified world music elements and knows more. However, the overall originality and creativity of the band have declined. In Zhang’s view, this dilemma was brought about by the times. When the Tang Dynasty, Panther and Cui Jian were in their teens and twenties, they rebelled in adolescence. At that time, the environment was oppressive, and young people were looking for space and opportunities to express themselves. Now, the acceptance of the whole society is very high, and young people feel that they have got everything they want. They don’t need anything more profound, just being myself is enough. However, being yourself brings only a sensory impact, and the criticism of society has lost its direction.

future

The ears are waiting for exciting sounds.

Since the beginning of the new century, the living space of independent bands and rock music in China has been greatly improved. Live House performance bars and large-scale commercial music festivals have started to emerge in major cities across the country, which has also brought more opportunities for the bands to display. At this time, the number and types of bands are more than before.

Has the band’s summer arrived? For Zhang to be, "the summer of the band" is an illusion, and it is still in winter, only through this period of time. "All people who make music are one crop after another. This crop has passed, and the next crop may be able to get up. Everyone is a paving stone. If the predecessors have not paved the road, there will be no way for future generations. " If you want to welcome the summer of a real band, you can only wait silently. "My ears have been waiting, waiting to hear the sound that excites me."

In Zhang Yadong’s view, the future development of China band still needs a star, and how the outside world promotes it is not as effective as a real star in this field. "I expect China band to have Cui Jian, Tang Dynasty and Panthers in the new era, and only this influence will bring the most direct effect." Zhang Yadong said that the band is not without a market, but no one has achieved that point. "As long as it is done, the band can have it in heaven, not to mention summer."

We can’t expect a variety show to promote the development of music. Zhang Xiaozhou thinks that what really promotes the development of the band is consumption, listening to their music, not just downloading it for free, buying tickets to watch performances and buying records, and "consumption produces beauty". Zhang Xiaozhou believes that "summer of the band" is just a romantic rhetoric, a relatively successful variety show, selling feelings and even "selling miserably" (complaining about the hardships of forming a band) is just the need of entertainment consumption. In fact, the number of bands in China is one thousand times that of the last two eras. "Band culture is not a cultural product of integration, nor is it just a star-making industry. It is the result of some kind of democratic education and multicultural development. From this point of view,’ summer with bands’ is only one aspect of the overall mental outlook of young people in this era, a’ healthy and uplifting’ side that can be accepted by the mainstream public. However, we can’t say that the whole people only know Cui Jian, the Magic Rock Three Masters and the Panthers of the Tang Dynasty, and that era was a prosperous time of rock and roll, which was still a relatively closed era after all. However, prosperity is not necessarily related to individual creation, and genius will always break through the overall characteristics of the times and even create the times. Of course, genius is unfettered, ignoring the trend, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter. "

Liu Wei, chief reporter of Beijing News, edited by Tong Na and proofread by Lin Zhao.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, July 13th-The the State Council Press Office published a white paper entitled "China Insists on Resolving Disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea through Negotiations" on July 13th. The full text is as follows:

　　China insists on resolving the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea through negotiations.

　　(July 2016)

　　People’s Republic of China (PRC)

　　the State Council Information Office

　　Catalogue

　　Quote

　　1. The South China Sea Islands are China’s inherent territory.

　　(1) China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands was established in history.

　　（二）中国始终坚定维护在南海的领土主权和海洋权益

　　(3) China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands has been widely recognized by the international community.

　　二、中菲南海有关争议的由来

　　(1) The illegal occupation of the Philippines has created a dispute over the Nansha Island reef between China and the Philippines.

　　(2) The illegal claims of the Philippines have no historical and legal basis.

　　（三）国际海洋法制度的发展导致中菲出现海洋划界争议

　　三、中菲已就解决南海有关争议达成共识

　　（一）通过谈判解决南海有关争议是中菲共识和承诺

　　(2) It is the consensus between China and the Philippines to properly control the disputes in the South China Sea.

　　4. The Philippines has repeatedly taken actions that complicate the dispute.

　　(1) The Philippines is trying to expand its occupation of some islands and reefs in the Nansha Islands in China.

　　（二）菲律宾一再扩大海上侵权

　　(3) The Philippines attempted to get its hands on Huangyan Island in China.

　　(D) The unilateral arbitration initiated by the Philippines is a malicious act.

　　V. China’s policy in handling the South China Sea issue.

　　(1) On the territorial issue of Nansha Islands

　　(2) On maritime delimitation in the South China Sea.

　　(3) About dispute settlement methods

　　(4) On managing differences in the South China Sea and conducting pragmatic cooperation at sea.

　　(5) Freedom and safety of navigation in the South China Sea

　　(6) On jointly safeguarding peace and stability in the South China Sea

　　Quote

　　1. The South China Sea is located in the south of Chinese mainland, which is connected with the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west through narrow straits or waterways. It is a semi-closed sea with northeast-southwest trend. The South China Sea is bordered by Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province Island in the north, kalimantan island and Sumatra Island in the south, Philippine Islands in the east, Indochina Peninsula and Malay Peninsula in the west.

　　2. China’s South China Sea Islands include dongsha islands, Xisha Islands, zhongsha islands and Nansha Islands. These islands are composed of islands, reefs, beaches, sand and so on with different numbers and sizes. Among them, the Nansha Islands have the largest number of islands and reefs and the widest range.

　　3. China people’s activities in the South China Sea have a history of more than 2,000 years. China first discovered, named, developed and utilized the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas, and exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas in a sustained, peaceful and effective manner. China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands and its related rights and interests in the South China Sea were established in a long historical process, which has sufficient historical and legal basis.

　　4. China and the Philippines, facing each other across the sea, have close contacts, and the people have been friendly for generations. Originally, there was no dispute over territorial and maritime delimitation. However, since 1970s, the Philippines began to illegally occupy some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands, which created the territorial problems of some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands between China and the Philippines. In addition, with the development of international law of the sea, the two countries have also had maritime delimitation disputes in some waters of the South China Sea.

　　5. China and the Philippines have not held any negotiations aimed at resolving the disputes in the South China Sea, but they have indeed held many consultations on properly handling maritime disputes, and reached a consensus on resolving relevant disputes through negotiation and consultation, which has been confirmed many times in bilateral documents. In the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Declaration) signed by China and ASEAN countries in 2002, the two sides also made a solemn commitment to resolve relevant disputes through negotiation and consultation.

　　6. In January 2013, the then government of the Republic of the Philippines violated the above consensus and commitment and unilaterally filed a South China Sea arbitration case. The Philippines misinterprets and packages disputes such as territorial issues that are not regulated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) and maritime delimitation excluded by China’s exclusionary declaration made in accordance with Article 298 of the Convention in 2006, which constitutes an abuse of the dispute settlement mechanism of the Convention. The Philippines attempts to deny China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.

　　7. The purpose of this document is to restore the truth about the dispute between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, and to reiterate China’s consistent position and policy on the South China Sea issue, so as to set the record straight.

　　1. The South China Sea Islands are China’s inherent territory.

　　(1) China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands was established in history.

　　8. The people of China have lived and engaged in productive activities in the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas since ancient times. China was the first to discover, name, develop and utilize the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas, the first to exercise sovereignty and jurisdiction over the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas in a sustained, peaceful and effective manner, and established sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands and related rights and interests in the South China Sea.

　　9. As early as the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, the people of China sailed in the South China Sea and discovered the islands in the South China Sea in their long-term practice.

　　10. China’s ancient historical books, such as The Records of Foreign Objects in the Eastern Han Dynasty, The Biography of Fu Nan in the Three Kingdoms Period, The Dream of Liang and An Answer to the Generation Outside the Ridge in the Song Dynasty, A Brief Introduction to the Island in the Yuan Dynasty, An Examination of the East and the West in the Ming Dynasty and a Farewell to the Wind, The Guide to the Right Method in the Qing Dynasty, and The Records of Overseas Countries, etc. The South China Sea islands are named after many vivid names, such as "Zhanghaiqitou", "Coral Island", "Jiuruluozhou", "Shitang", "Wanli Shitang", "Changsha" and "Wanli Changsha".

　　In the historical process of exploiting and utilizing the South China Sea, fishermen in China have also formed a relatively fixed naming system for islands in the South China Sea, such as calling islands and sandbars "Zhi", reefs "shovel", "line" and "sand", atolls "Kuang", "circle" and "pond", and shoals. Genglu Book, which was formed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, is a navigation guide for China fishermen to travel between the coastal areas of Chinese mainland and the South China Sea islands. It has been circulated in manuscripts of various versions and is still in use today. It records the life, production and development activities of China people in the South China Sea Islands, and records the naming of the South China Sea Islands by fishermen in China. Among them, there are at least 70 names for islands, reefs, beaches and sands in Nansha Islands, some of which are named by compass directions, such as Ugly Wei (Qibi Reef) and Dongtou Yixin (Flourishing shoal); Some are named after specialties, such as Chigua Line (Chigua Reef) and Mogua Line (Nanping Reef); Some are named after the shapes of islands and reefs, such as bird strings (Xian ‘e Reef) and double shoulders (Xinyi Reef); Some are named after something, such as the pot cover (Amber Shazhou) and the scale hook (Jinghong Island); Some are named after waterways, such as Liumensha (Liumen Reef).

　　12. The names given by the people of China to the South China Sea Islands were partly quoted by western navigators and marked in some authoritative nautical guides and charts in the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, Namyit (Hung Hom Island), Sin Cowe (Jinghong Island) and Subi (Zhubijiao) are derived from the pronunciation of "Nanyi", "Weighing Hook" and "Ugly Not" in Hainan dialect.

　　13. A large number of historical documents and cultural relics prove that the people of China have continuously developed and utilized the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, fishermen in China have been engaged in fishery production in the Nansha Islands by the northeast trade wind every year, and returned to the mainland by the southwest trade wind the following year. There are also some fishermen in China who live on the island all the year round, standing for fishing, digging wells and pumping water, reclaiming wasteland for planting, building houses and temples, and raising livestock. According to Chinese and foreign historical records and archaeological discoveries, some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands once had crops, wells, houses, temples, tombs and inscriptions left by China fishermen.

　　14. Many foreign documents have recorded the fact that only Chinese produced and lived in Nansha Islands for a long time.

　　15. The Guide to the Sea of China published by the British Admiralty in 1868 pointed out when referring to the Zhenghe Reef in Nansha Islands: "Hainan fishermen live by catching sea cucumbers and crustaceans, and each island has its footprints, and some have lived on the reefs for a long time." "Fishermen on Taiping Island live more comfortably than those on other islands, and the well water on Taiping Island is much better than other islands." The China Sea Guide in 1906 and the Sailing Notes of China in 1912, 1923 and 1937 recorded the production and life of China fishermen in Nansha Islands in many places.

　　16. The magazine Painted Colonial World published in France in September 1933 recorded that among the nine islands in Nansha Islands, only the Chinese (Hainanese) live there, and there are no other nationalities except the Chinese. At that time, there were 7 residents on the southwest island (Nanzi Island), including 2 children; There are 5 residents on Didu Island (Zhongye Island); Spalla Island (Nanwei Island) has 4 residents, one more than in 1930; On Luowan Island (Nankeyao Island), there are shrines, huts and wells left by Chinese. In Yiduba Island (Taiping Island), although no one was seen, a Chinese character tablet was found, to the effect that the grain was transported so far, and no one was found, because it was hidden under the iron sheet (the original French text was stone); Other islands can also be seen everywhere where fishermen live. The magazine also records that Taiping Island, Zhongye Island, Nanwei Island and other islands have lush vegetation, drinking wells, coconut trees, banana trees, papaya tree, pineapples, vegetables and potatoes, and poultry, which are suitable for human habitation.

　　17. The Japanese literature "Storm Island" published in 1940 and "Asian Pilotage" (Volume IV) published by the United States Naval Hydrographic Office in 1925 also recorded the production and life of China fishermen in Nansha Islands.

　　18. China is the first country to start and continue to manage the South China Sea Islands and related maritime activities. Historically, China has exercised sustained, peaceful and effective jurisdiction over the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas by means of administrative establishment, naval patrol, resource development, astronomical survey and geographical survey.

　　19. For example, in the Song Dynasty, China set up an envoy in Guangdong and Guangxi, who was in charge of southern Xinjiang. In Song Dynasty, Ceng Gongliang mentioned in Wu Jing Zong Yao that in order to strengthen the coastal defense in the South China Sea, China set up a sea patrol division to patrol the South China Sea. In Qing Dynasty, Records of Qiongzhou Prefecture compiled by Mingyi and Records of Yazhou compiled by Zhong Yuandi all listed Shitang and Changsha as "coastal defense".

　　20. Many local chronicles compiled by officials in China, such as Guangdong Tongzhi, Qiongzhou Prefecture Records, Wanzhou Records, etc., have "Wanzhou has thousands of miles of Changsha and thousands of miles of stone ponds" or similar records in the items of "territory" or "land and mountains".

　　21. Successive governments in China have also marked the South China Sea Islands as the territory of China on official maps. In 1755, the General Map of the World, 1767, 1810, 1817, and 1817 of the Dividing Map of the Provinces of the Emperor and the Qing Dynasty all drew the South China Sea Islands into Chinese territory.

　　22. Historical facts show that the people of China have always regarded the South China Sea Islands and related sea areas as places for production and life, and engaged in various development and utilization activities. Successive governments in China have also exercised jurisdiction over the South China Sea Islands continuously, peacefully and effectively. In the long historical process, China has established its sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands and related rights and interests in the South China Sea, and the people of China have long been the masters of the South China Sea Islands.

　　（二）中国始终坚定维护在南海的领土主权和海洋权益

　　23. 中国对南海诸岛的主权在20世纪前未遭遇任何挑战。20世纪30年代至40年代，法国和日本先后以武力非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁。对此，中国人民奋起抵抗，当时中国政府采取一系列措施，捍卫对南沙群岛的主权。

　　24. 1933年，法国曾经一度侵入南沙群岛部分岛礁，发布政府公报宣告“占领”，制造了“九小岛事件”。中国各地各界反应强烈、群起抗议，纷纷谴责法国的侵略行径。居住在南沙群岛的中国渔民也在实地进行抵抗，符洪光、柯家裕、郑兰锭等人砍倒法国在太平岛、北子岛、南威岛、中业岛等岛上悬挂法国国旗的旗杆。

　　25. “九小岛事件”发生后，中国外交部发言人表示，南沙群岛有关岛屿“仅有我渔人居留岛上，在国际上确认为中国领土”，中国政府就法方侵入九小岛提出严正交涉。同时，广东省政府针对法国诱骗中国渔民悬挂法国国旗，命令各县长布告，禁止在南沙群岛及海域作业的中国渔船悬挂外国旗帜，并给渔民发放中国国旗，要求悬挂。

　　26. 由外交部、内政部、海军部等部门组成的水陆地图审查委员会，专门审定中国南海诸岛各岛、礁、滩、沙名称，并于1935年编印并公布了《中国南海各岛屿图》。

　　27. 日本在侵华战争期间曾非法侵占中国南海诸岛。中国人民对日本的侵略进行了英勇抵抗。随着世界反法西斯战争和中国人民抗日战争的推进，中、美、英三国于1943年12月发表《开罗宣言》郑重宣布，日本必须将所窃取的中国领土归还中国。1945年7月，中、美、英三国发表《波茨坦公告》，其中第8条明确规定，“开罗宣言之条件必将实施”。

　　28. 1945年8月，日本宣布接受《波茨坦公告》无条件投降。1946年11月至12月，中国政府指派林遵上校等高级军政官员，乘坐“永兴”、“中建”、“太平”、“中业”4艘军舰，分赴西沙群岛和南沙群岛，举行仪式，重立主权碑，派兵驻守。随后，中国政府用上述4艘军舰名对西沙群岛和南沙群岛的4个岛屿进行重新命名。

　　29. 1947年3月，中国政府在太平岛设立南沙群岛管理处，隶属广东省。中国还在太平岛设立气象台和电台，自6月起对外广播气象信息。

　　30. 在对南海诸岛重新进行地理测绘的基础上，中国政府于1947年组织编写了《南海诸岛地理志略》，审定《南海诸岛新旧名称对照表》，绘制标有南海断续线的《南海诸岛位置图》。1948年2月，中国政府公布《中华民国行政区域图》，包括《南海诸岛位置图》。

　　31. 1949年6月，中国政府颁布《海南特区行政长官公署组织条例》，把“海南岛、东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛及其他附属岛屿”划入海南特区。

　　32. 中华人民共和国1949年10月1日成立后，多次重申并采取立法、行政设治、外交交涉等措施进一步维护对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益。中国对南海诸岛及相关海域的巡逻执法、资源开发和科学考察等活动从未中断过。

　　33. 1951年8月，中国外交部长周恩来发表《关于美英对日和约草案及旧金山会议的声明》指出，“西沙群岛和南威岛正如整个南沙群岛及中沙群岛、东沙群岛一样，向为中国领土，在日本帝国主义发动侵略战争时虽曾一度沦陷，但日本投降后已为当时中国政府全部接收”，“中华人民共和国在南威岛和西沙群岛之不可侵犯的主权，不论美英对日和约草案有无规定及如何规定，均不受任何影响”。

　　34. 1958年9月，中国发布《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》，明确规定中国领海宽度为12海里，采用直线基线方法划定领海基线，上述规定适用于中华人民共和国的一切领土，包括“东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他属于中国的岛屿”。

　　35. 1959年3月，中国政府在西沙群岛的永兴岛设立“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”；1969年3月，该“办事处”改称“广东省西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛革命委员会”；1981年10月，恢复“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”的称谓。

　　36. 1983年4月，中国地名委员会受权公布南海诸岛部分标准地名，总计287个。

　　37. 1984年5月，第六届全国人民代表大会第二次会议决定设立海南行政区，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。

　　38. 1988年4月，第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议决定设立海南省，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。

　　39. 1992年2月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》，确立了中国领海和毗连区的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“中华人民共和国的陆地领土包括……东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他一切属于中华人民共和国的岛屿”。1996年5月，第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十九次会议决定，批准《联合国海洋法公约》，同时声明“中华人民共和国重申对1992年2月25日颁布的《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》第2条所列各群岛及岛屿的主权。”

　　40. 1996年5月，中国政府宣布中国大陆沿海由山东高角至海南岛峻壁角49个领海基点和由直线相连的领海基线，以及西沙群岛28个领海基点和由直线相连的基线，并宣布将另行公布其余领海基线。

　　41. 1998年6月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》，确立了中国专属经济区和大陆架的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“本法的规定不影响中华人民共和国享有的历史性权利”。

　　42. 2012年6月，国务院批准撤销海南省西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处，设立地级三沙市，管辖西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。

　　43. China attaches great importance to the protection of ecology and fishery resources in the South China Sea. Since 1999, China has implemented a fishing moratorium in the South China Sea in summer. By the end of 2015, China had built 6 national aquatic nature reserves and 6 provincial aquatic nature reserves in the South China Sea, with a total area of 2.69 million hectares. There are 7 national aquatic germplasm resources in conservation zone, with a total area of 1.28 million hectares.

　　44. Since the 1950s, the Taiwan, China authorities have been stationed in Taiping Island of Nansha Islands, with civil service management agencies and the development and utilization of natural resources on the island.

　　(3) China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands has been widely recognized by the international community.

　　45. After the Second World War, China recovered the South China Sea Islands and resumed the exercise of sovereignty. Many countries in the world recognized the South China Sea Islands as the territory of China.

　　46. In 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty Conference with Japan stipulated that Japan should give up all rights, names and claims to Nansha Islands and Xisha Islands. In 1952, the Japanese government formally renounced all rights, names and claims to Taiwan Province, Penghu Islands, Nansha Islands and Xisha Islands. In the same year, the fifteenth map of the Standard World Atlas, Southeast Asia Map, which was personally signed and recommended by then Japanese Foreign Minister Okazaki Kzuo, marked all the Xisha, Nansha Islands, Dongsha and zhongsha islands that Japan had to give up according to the peace treaty as belonging to China.

　　47. 1955年10月，国际民航组织在马尼拉召开会议，美国、英国、法国、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、泰国、菲律宾、南越和中国台湾当局派代表出席，菲律宾代表为会议主席，法国代表为副主席。会议通过的第24号决议要求中国台湾当局在南沙群岛加强气象观测，而会上没有任何一个代表对此提出异议或保留。

　　48. 1958年9月4日，中国政府发布《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》，宣布中国的领海宽度为12海里，明确指出：“这项规定适用于中华人民共和国的一切领土，包括……东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他属于中国的岛屿。”9月14日，越南政府总理范文同照会中国国务院总理周恩来郑重表示，“越南民主共和国政府承认和赞同中华人民共和国政府1958年9月4日关于领海决定的声明”，“越南民主共和国政府尊重这项决定”。

　　49. 1956年8月，美国驻台机构一等秘书韦士德向中国台湾当局口头申请，美军人员拟前往黄岩岛、双子群礁、景宏岛、鸿庥岛、南威岛等中沙和南沙群岛岛礁进行地形测量。中国台湾当局随后同意了美方的申请。

　　50. In December 1960, the United States Government sent a letter to the Taiwan, China authorities, "requesting permission" for American military personnel to conduct field surveys in shuangzi reefs, Jinghong Island and Nanwei Island in Nansha Islands. The Taiwan, China authorities approved the above application.

　　51. In 1972, in the Joint Statement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of Japan, Japan reiterated its adherence to article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation.

　　52. According to Agence France-Presse, on February 4, 1974, then Indonesian Foreign Minister Malik said, "If we look at the map released now, we can see from the map that both paracel islands (Xisha Islands) and Prattley Islands (Nansha Islands) belong to China"; Since we admit that there is only one China, "this means that, for us, these islands belong to People’s Republic of China (PRC)".

　　53. From 17 March to 1 April 1987, the 14th meeting of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO discussed the Implementation Plan of the Global Sea Level Observing System 1985-1990 (IOC/INF-663 Rev) submitted by the secretariat of the Commission. The document suggests that the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands should be included in the global sea level observation system, and the two islands should be clearly listed as "People’s Republic of China (PRC)". To implement the plan, the government of China was appointed to build five ocean observation stations, including one in Nansha Islands and one in Xisha Islands.

　　54. It has long been widely recognized by the international community that the South China Sea Islands belong to the China. Encyclopedias, yearbooks and maps published in many countries label Nansha Islands as China. For example, in 1960, Wildmark Encyclopedia of Countries published by Wildmark Publishing House in the United States; New China Yearbook published by Japanese Jidong Bookstore in 1966; Atlas of the World published in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957, 1958 and 1961; Atlas of Earth and Geography published in GDR in 1958; Huck’s Atlas of the World published in GDR in 1968; World Atlas published in the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1959; Attached drawings of Division of Foreign Administrative Regions published in the Soviet Union in 1957; World Atlas published in Hungary in 1959; Illustrated World Political and Economic Atlas published in Hungary in 1974; Pocket Atlas of the World published in Czechoslovakia in 1959; World Geographic Atlas published in Romania in 1977; Atlas of International Politics and Economy published by larousse Press in 1965; Modern Atlas of larousse published by larousse Press in 1969; The maps attached to the Encyclopedia of the World published by Japan Pingfan Society in 1972 and 1983 and the Atlas of the World published in 1985; And the attached drawings of "The World and Countries" published by Japan Geographical Association in 1980.

　　二、中菲南海有关争议的由来

　　55. 中菲南海有关争议的核心是菲律宾非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁而产生的领土问题。此外，随着国际海洋法制度的发展，中菲在南海部分海域还出现了海洋划界争议。

　　(1) The illegal occupation of the Philippines has created a dispute over the Nansha Island reef between China and the Philippines.

　　56. The territorial scope of the Philippines was determined by a series of international treaties, including the 1898 Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain (Paris Treaty), the 1900 Treaty of Cessation of the Outer Islands of the Philippines (Washington Treaty) and the 1930 Treaty of Delimitation of the Boundary between British North Borneo and the United States Philippines.

　　57. China’s South China Sea islands are outside Philippine territory.

　　58. In 1950s, the Philippines tried to get its hands on Nansha Islands in China. But under the resolute opposition of China, the Philippines stopped. In May 1956, Cloma, a Filipino, organized a private expedition to the Nansha Islands and called some islands and reefs in the Nansha Islands in China "free land" without authorization. Subsequently, Philippine Vice President and Foreign Minister Garcia expressed support for Cloma’s activities. In response, a spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a statement on May 29th, solemnly pointing out that the Nansha Islands "have always been a part of China’s territory. People’s Republic of China (PRC) has indisputable legal sovereignty over these islands … … No country will be allowed to violate it under any pretext and in any way. " At the same time, the Taiwan, China authorities sent warships to patrol the Nansha Islands and resumed their stationing on Taiping Island in the Nansha Islands. Since then, the Philippine Foreign Ministry has indicated that the Philippine government did not know about Cloma’s move in advance and did not give its consent.

　　59. 自20世纪70年代起，菲律宾先后以武力侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁，并提出非法领土要求。1970年8月和9月，菲律宾非法侵占马欢岛和费信岛；1971年4月，菲律宾非法侵占南钥岛和中业岛；1971年7月，菲律宾非法侵占西月岛和北子岛；1978年3月和1980年7月，菲律宾非法侵占双黄沙洲和司令礁。1978年6月，菲律宾总统马科斯签署第1596号总统令，将中国南沙群岛部分岛礁并连同周边大范围海域称为“卡拉延岛群”（“卡拉延”在他加禄语中意为“自由”），划设“卡拉延镇区”，非法列入菲律宾领土范围。

　　60. 菲律宾还通过一系列国内立法，提出了自己的领海、专属经济区和大陆架等主张。其中部分与中国在南海的海洋权益产生冲突。

　　61. 菲律宾为掩盖其非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁的事实，实现其领土扩张的野心，炮制了一系列借口，包括：“卡拉延岛群”不属于南沙群岛，是“无主地”；南沙群岛在二战后是“托管地”；菲律宾占领南沙群岛是依据“地理邻近”和出于“国家安全”需要；“南沙群岛部分岛礁位于菲律宾专属经济区和大陆架上”；菲律宾“有效控制”有关岛礁已成为不能改变的“现状”等。

　　(2) The illegal claims of the Philippines have no historical and legal basis.

　　62. From the perspective of history and international law, the Philippines’ territorial claims to some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands are groundless.

　　63. First, the Nansha Islands have never been an integral part of Philippine territory. The territorial scope of the Philippines has been determined by a series of international treaties. In this regard, the then ruler of the Philippines, the United States, was very clear. On August 12, 1933, Lu Leiyi, a former senator from the Philippines, wrote to Murphy, the governor of the United States in the Philippines, trying to claim that some Nansha islands constitute a part of the Philippine Islands on the grounds of geographical proximity. The relevant letters were forwarded to the US War Department and the State Council for processing. On October 9, 1933, the US Secretary of State replied that "these islands … … Far beyond the boundaries of the Philippine Islands acquired from Spain in 1898. " In May, 1935, U.S. Secretary of the Army Dunn sent a letter to Secretary of State Hull, asking the State Council to comment on the "legality and appropriateness" of Philippine territorial claims to some islands in Nansha Islands. A memorandum signed by Boggs, etc. in the Office of the Historical Adviser in the State Council, USA, pointed out that "obviously, the United States has no basis to claim that the islands concerned constitute a part of the Philippine Islands." On August 20, US Secretary of State Hull replied to US Secretary of the Army Dunn that "the islands of the Philippine Islands acquired by the United States from Spain according to the 1898 Treaty are limited to the boundaries stipulated in Article 3", and regarding the islands in the Nansha Islands, "It should be pointed out that,There is no indication that Spain has ever exercised sovereignty or made claims on any of these islands. " These documents prove that the territory of the Philippines never includes the South China Sea Islands, a fact recognized by the international community including the United States.

　　Second, the statement that "Karayan Island Group" is a "no land" discovered by the Philippines is totally untrue. On the basis of the so-called "discovery" by its nationals in 1956, the Philippines called some islands and reefs of the Nansha Islands in China "Karayan Island Group" in an attempt to create confusion in geographical names and concepts and divide the Nansha Islands. In fact, the geographical scope of Nansha Islands is clear and definite. The so-called "Karayan Island Group" in the Philippines is a part of Nansha Islands in China. Nansha Islands have long been an inseparable part of China’s territory, and they are by no means "terra nullius".

　　Third, the Nansha Islands are not a so-called "trust land". The Philippines said that after World War II, Nansha Islands was a "trust territory" with undetermined sovereignty. The Philippine statement has no basis in law and fact. The "trust sites" after World War II are clearly listed in relevant international treaties or relevant documents of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The Nansha Islands have never appeared on the above list and are not "trust sites" at all.

　　Fourthly, "geographical proximity" and "national security" are not the basis of international law for territorial acquisition. Part of the territory of many countries in the world is far from their native land, and some even lie near the coast of other countries. During the colonial rule of the United States in the Philippines, there was a dispute with the Netherlands over the sovereignty of an island near the Philippine Islands, and the territorial claim put forward by the United States on the grounds of "geographical proximity" was judged to have no basis in international law. It is even more absurd to occupy the territory of other countries on the grounds of so-called "national security".

　　67. Fifthly, the Philippines claims that some islands and reefs in the Nansha Islands in China are located within its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, so the islands and reefs concerned belong to the Philippines or form an integral part of the Philippine continental shelf. This claim attempts to deny China’s territorial sovereignty with the maritime jurisdiction granted by the Convention, which runs counter to the principle of international law that "land rules the sea" and is totally inconsistent with the purpose and purpose of the Convention. The preamble of the Convention stipulates: "To establish a legal order for the ocean … … 。” Therefore, coastal countries must claim maritime jurisdiction on the premise of respecting the territorial sovereignty of other countries, and cannot extend their maritime jurisdiction to other countries’ territories, let alone deny their sovereignty and infringe on their territories.

　　Sixthly, the so-called "effective control" in the Philippines is based on illegal occupation and is illegal and invalid. The international community does not recognize the so-called "effective control" formed by military occupation. The so-called "effective control" of the Philippines is a naked military occupation of some islands and reefs of Nansha Islands in China, which violates the Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the Charter) and the basic norms of international relations and is explicitly prohibited by international law. The so-called "effective control" of the Philippines based on illegal occupation cannot change the basic fact that the Nansha Islands are the territory of China. China resolutely opposes anyone’s attempt to regard the occupied state of some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands as a so-called "fait accompli" or "status quo", which China will never admit.

　　（三）国际海洋法制度的发展导致中菲出现海洋划界争议

　　69. 随着《公约》的制订和生效，中国和菲律宾之间的南海有关争议逐步激化。

　　70. 基于中国人民和中国政府的长期历史实践及历届中国政府的一贯立场，根据国内法以及国际法，包括1958年《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》、1992年《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》、1996年《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准的决定》、1998年《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，中国南海诸岛拥有内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架。此外，中国在南海拥有历史性权利。

　　71. 根据菲律宾1949年第387号共和国法案、1961年第3046号共和国法案、1968年第5446号共和国法案、1968年第370号总统公告、1978年第1599号总统令、2009年第9522号共和国法案等法律，菲律宾公布了内水、群岛水域、领海，专属经济区和大陆架。

　　72. 在南海，中国的陆地领土海岸和菲律宾的陆地领土海岸相向，相距不足400海里。两国主张的海洋权益区域重叠，由此产生海洋划界争议。

　　三、中菲已就解决南海有关争议达成共识

　　73. 中国坚决捍卫对南海诸岛的主权，坚决反对菲律宾非法侵占中国岛礁，坚决反对菲律宾依据单方面主张在中国管辖海域采取侵权行为。同时，从维护南海和平稳定出发，中国保持高度克制，坚持和平解决中菲南海有关争议，并为此作出不懈努力。中国就管控海上分歧以及推动海上务实合作等与菲律宾进行多次磋商，双方就通过谈判解决南海有关争议，妥善管控有关分歧达成重要共识。

　　（一）通过谈判解决南海有关争议是中菲共识和承诺

　　74. 中国一贯致力于在相互尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则基础上与各国发展友好关系。

　　75. 1975年6月，中菲关系实现正常化，两国在有关公报中明确指出，两国政府同意不诉诸武力，不以武力相威胁，和平解决所有争端。

　　76. 实际上，中国在解决南海问题上的“搁置争议，共同开发”倡议，首先是对菲律宾提出的。1986年6月，中国领导人邓小平在会见菲律宾副总统萨尔瓦多·劳雷尔时，指出南沙群岛属于中国，同时针对有关分歧表示，“这个问题可以先搁置一下，先放一放。过几年后，我们坐下来，平心静气地商讨一个可为各方接受的方式。我们不会让这个问题妨碍与菲律宾和其他国家的友好关系”。1988年4月，邓小平在会见菲律宾总统科拉松·阿基诺时重申“对南沙群岛问题，中国最有发言权。南沙历史上就是中国领土，很长时间，国际上对此无异议”；“从两国友好关系出发，这个问题可先搁置一下，采取共同开发的办法”。此后，中国在处理南海有关争议及同南海周边国家发展双边关系问题上，一直贯彻了邓小平关于“主权属我，搁置争议，共同开发”的思想。

　　Since the 1980s, the China has put forward a series of propositions and initiatives on controlling and resolving disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea through negotiations. It has repeatedly reiterated its position on sovereignty over Nansha Islands, peaceful settlement of disputes in the South China Sea and the initiative of "shelving disputes and jointly developing", clearly expressing its opposition to the intervention of external forces and the internationalization of the South China Sea issue, and stressing that disputes should not be allowed to affect the development of bilateral relations.

　　78. In July 1992, the 25th ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting held in Manila issued the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea. China expressed his appreciation for the relevant principles elaborated in this declaration. China has always advocated peaceful settlement of territorial issues related to some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands through negotiations, opposed resorting to force, and is willing to negotiate with relevant countries to "shelve disputes and jointly develop" when conditions are ripe.

　　In August 1995, China and the Philippines jointly issued the "Joint Statement on Consultation between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Philippines on South China Sea Issues and Cooperation in Other Fields", stating that "disputes should be settled by countries directly concerned"; "The two sides promised to cooperate step by step and finally settle their disputes through negotiation". Since then, China and the Philippines have confirmed the relevant consensus on resolving the South China Sea issue through bilateral negotiation and consultation through a series of bilateral documents, such as the Joint Communiqué of the Meeting of the Working Group on Confidence-building Measures between China and the Philippines in March 1999 and the Joint Statement of the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on the Framework of Bilateral Cooperation in the 21st Century in May 2000.

　　80. In November 2002, China signed the Declaration with 10 ASEAN countries. In the Declaration, all parties solemnly promised: "According to the universally recognized principles of international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the sovereign countries directly concerned should resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means through friendly consultations and negotiations, without resorting to force or threat of force."

　　81. Since then, China and the Philippines have confirmed their solemn commitments in the Declaration through a series of bilateral documents, such as the Joint Press Communiqué of the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines in September 2004 and the Joint Statement of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of the Philippines in September 2011.

　　82. The above-mentioned bilateral documents between China and the Philippines and the relevant provisions of the Declaration reflect the following consensus and commitments reached by China and the Philippines on resolving disputes in the South China Sea: First, relevant disputes should be resolved between sovereign countries directly concerned; Second, relevant disputes should be settled peacefully through negotiation and consultation on the basis of equality and mutual respect; Third, the sovereign countries directly concerned "finally negotiated and resolved the disputes between the two sides" in accordance with recognized principles of international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

　　83. China and the Philippines have repeatedly reiterated that the relevant disputes should be settled through negotiations, and repeatedly stressed that the relevant negotiations should be conducted by the sovereign countries directly concerned. The above provisions have obviously had the effect of excluding any third-party dispute settlement methods. In particular, the 1995 Joint Statement stipulated that "the disputes between the two sides should be finally settled through negotiation". The word "finally" here is obviously to emphasize that "negotiation" is the only dispute settlement method that both sides have chosen, and to exclude any other means including third-party dispute settlement procedures. The above consensus and commitment constitute an agreement between the two countries to exclude the settlement of disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea through third-party dispute settlement. This agreement must be observed.

　　(2) It is the consensus between China and the Philippines to properly control the disputes in the South China Sea.

　　84. China has always maintained that all parties should control disputes by formulating rules, improving mechanisms, pragmatic cooperation and joint development, so as to create a good atmosphere for the final settlement of disputes in the South China Sea.

　　85. Since the 1990s, China and the Philippines have reached a series of consensuses on controlling disputes: First, they should exercise restraint in relevant disputes and refrain from taking actions that may lead to the escalation of the situation; Second, insist on controlling disputes through bilateral consultation mechanism; Third, persist in promoting pragmatic cooperation and joint development at sea; Fourth, the relevant disputes should not affect the healthy development of bilateral relations and peace and stability in the South China Sea.

　　86. In the Declaration, China and the Philippines also reached the following consensus: maintain self-restraint and refrain from actions that complicate and expand disputes and affect peace and stability; Before the peaceful settlement of territorial and jurisdictional disputes, in the spirit of cooperation and understanding, strive to find various ways to build mutual trust; Explore or carry out cooperation in marine environmental protection, marine scientific research, maritime navigation and traffic safety, search and rescue, and combating transnational crimes.

　　87. China and the Philippines have made positive progress in managing differences and conducting pragmatic cooperation at sea.

　　88. In March 1999, China and the Philippines held the first meeting of the Working Group on Confidence-Building Measures in the South China Sea. The Joint Communiqué of the Meeting of the Working Group on Confidence-Building Measures between China and the Philippines pointed out that "the two sides promised to settle disputes peacefully through consultation in accordance with widely accepted principles of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, … … The two sides agreed to exercise restraint and not take actions that may lead to the escalation of the situation. "

　　In April 2001, the Joint Press Statement of the Third Expert Group Meeting on Confidence-Building Measures issued by China and the Philippines pointed out that "the two sides recognized that the bilateral consultation mechanism established by the two countries to explore ways of cooperation in the South China Sea was fruitful, and a series of understandings and consensus reached by the two sides played a constructive role in maintaining the healthy development of Sino-Philippine relations and peace and stability in the South China Sea."

　　90. In September, 2004, witnessed by the leaders of China and the Philippines, China Offshore Oil Corporation and Philippine National Oil Company signed the Agreement on Joint Marine Seismic Work in Parts of the South China Sea. With the consent of China and the Philippines, in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines and Viet Nam signed the Tripartite Joint Marine Seismic Work Agreement in the South China Sea Agreement Zone, and it was agreed that the oil companies of the three countries would complete the collection and processing of a certain number of 2D and/or 3D seismic lines in the agreement zone of about 143,000 square kilometers within the three-year agreement period, reprocess a certain number of existing 2D seismic lines, and study and evaluate the oil resources in the agreement zone. In 2007, the Joint Statement of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of the Philippines stated that "the two sides believe that the tripartite joint marine seismic work in the South China Sea can serve as a model for regional cooperation. The two sides agreed to explore the next stage of tripartite cooperation to a higher level to strengthen the good momentum of building mutual trust in the region. "

　　91. Regrettably, due to the lack of willingness of the Philippines to cooperate, the meeting of the Working Group on Confidence Measures between China and the Philippines has come to a standstill, and the joint marine seismic survey between China, the Philippines and Vietnam has failed to continue.

　　4. The Philippines has repeatedly taken actions that complicate the dispute.

　　92. Since the 1980s, the Philippines has repeatedly taken actions that complicate the dispute.

　　(1) The Philippines is trying to expand its occupation of some islands and reefs in the Nansha Islands in China.

　　93. Since the 1980s, the Philippines has been building military facilities on the islands and reefs of Nansha Islands in China, which have been illegally occupied. In the 1990s, the Philippines continued to build airports and naval and air bases on the illegally occupied islands and reefs in Nansha Islands, China, focusing on Zhongye Island in Nansha Islands, China, and continued to build and renovate airports, barracks, docks and other facilities on the illegally occupied islands and reefs, so as to facilitate the landing and landing of heavy transport aircraft and fighter planes and accommodate more and larger ships. The Philippines also deliberately provoked and frequently sent warships and planes to invade Wufang Reef, Xian ‘e Reef, Xinyi Reef, Half Moon Reef and Ren’ai Reef in Nansha Islands of China, wantonly destroying the survey marks set by China.

　　What’s more, on May 9, 1999, the Philippines sent a tank landing ship No.57 to invade Ren’ai Reef, China, and illegally "sat on the beach" on the reef under the pretext of "technical failure". China immediately made solemn representations to the Philippines, demanding that the ship be towed away immediately. The Philippines, on the other hand, said that the ship "lacked parts" and could not be towed away.

　　95. In this regard, China continued to make representations to the Philippines and repeatedly asked the Philippines to tow the ship. For example, in November 1999, China’s ambassador to the Philippines met with Philippine Foreign Minister Siazon and the director of the President’s Office, Lani Hyssos, to negotiate again about the illegal landing of the ship on the Ren’ai Reef. Although the Philippines has repeatedly promised to withdraw the ship from Ren’ai Reef, it has been dragging its feet.

　　96. In September 2003, after learning that the Philippines was going to build facilities around the warships illegally "sitting on the beach" in Ren’ai Reef, China immediately made solemn representations. Acting Philippine Foreign Minister Abdalin said that the Philippines has no intention of building facilities on the Ren’ai Reef. As a signatory to the Declaration, the Philippines will not and will not be the first violator.

　　97. However, the Philippines refused to fulfill its promise to tow the ship, but instead intensified its efforts and took further provocative actions. In February 2013, the Philippines pulled up the fixed cable around the illegal "sitting on the beach", and the crew on board frequently moved to prepare for the construction of fixed facilities. After repeated representations from China, Philippine Defense Minister Gasmin claimed that the Philippines was only replenishing and repairing the ship and promised not to build facilities on the Ren’ai Reef.

　　98. On March 14th, 2014, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines issued a statement, openly claiming that the reason why the Philippines used the No.57 tank landing ship to "sit on the beach" in Ren’ai Reef was to "deploy the warship in Ren’ai Reef as a permanent facility of the Philippine government", in an attempt to use this as an excuse to continue to refuse to fulfill the promise of towing the ship, so as to achieve the purpose of occupying Ren’ai Reef. China immediately expressed shock at this and reiterated that it would never allow the Philippine side to occupy the Ren’ai Reef in any form.

　　99. In July 2015, the Philippines publicly stated that it was consolidating its warships sitting on the beach in Ren’ai Reef.

　　100. The Philippines used a warship to "sit on the beach" in Ren’ai Reef, but promised to tow it away, but always reneged on it until it took reinforcement measures and proved by its own practical actions that the Philippines was the first country to openly violate the Declaration.

　　101. 长期以来，菲律宾非法侵占中国南沙群岛有关岛礁，并在岛礁上修筑各种军事设施，企图制造既成事实，长期霸占。菲律宾的所作所为，严重侵犯中国对南沙群岛有关岛礁的主权，严重违反《宪章》和国际法基本准则。

　　（二）菲律宾一再扩大海上侵权

　　102. 自20世纪70年代起，菲律宾依据其单方面主张，先后侵入中国南沙群岛礼乐滩、忠孝滩等地进行非法油气钻探，包括就有关区块进行对外招标。

　　103. 进入21世纪以来，菲律宾扩大对外招标范围，大面积侵入中国南沙群岛有关海域。2003年，菲律宾将大片中国南沙群岛相关海域划为对外招标区块。2014年5月，菲律宾进行了第5轮油气招标，其中4个招标区块侵入中国南沙群岛相关海域。

　　104. 菲律宾还不断侵入中国南沙群岛有关海域，袭扰中国渔民和渔船正常生产作业。据不完全统计，1989年至2015年，在上述海域共发生菲律宾非法侵犯中国渔民生命和财产安全事件97件，其中枪击8件，抢劫34件，抓扣40件，追赶15件；共涉及中国渔船近200艘，渔民上千人。菲律宾还野蛮、粗暴对待中国渔民，施以非人道待遇。

　　105. Filipino armed men often ignore the lives of fishermen in China and use excessive force. For example, on April 27, 2006, armed fishing boats from the Philippines invaded the southern shoal of Nansha Islands in China and attacked the fishing boat Qiongqionghai 03012 from China. An armed dinghy and four gunmen from the Philippines approached the fishing boat in China and fired directly at the bridge of the fishing boat, causing four fishermen, including Andy Chen Chao, to die on the spot, two seriously injured and one slightly injured. Subsequently, 13 gunmen forcibly boarded the fishing boat and robbed the ship of satellite navigation, communication equipment, production tools and catches.

　　106. The Philippines has repeatedly taken various maritime tort actions in an attempt to expand its illegal claims in the South China Sea and seriously violated China’s sovereignty and related rights and interests in the South China Sea. The infringement of rights in the Philippines has seriously violated its commitment in the Declaration to exercise self-restraint and not to take actions that complicate and enlarge disputes. The Philippines shot and robbed China fishing boats and fishermen, illegally detained China fishermen and treated them inhumanely, which seriously violated the personal and property safety and personal dignity of China fishermen and blatantly trampled on basic human rights.

　　(3) The Philippines attempted to get its hands on Huangyan Island in China.

　　107. The Philippines has also made territorial claims and attempted to illegally occupy Huangyan Island in China.

　　108. Huangyan Island is an inherent territory of China, and China has continuously, peacefully and effectively exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over Huangyan Island.

　　109. Before 1997, the Philippines never disputed that Huangyan Island belonged to China, and never claimed the territory of Huangyan Island. On February 5, 1990, Philippine Ambassador to Germany Bianco Nido wrote to German radio enthusiast Dieter, saying: "According to the Philippine National Map and Resource Information Bureau, scarborough Reef or Huangyan Island is not within the territorial sovereignty of the Philippines."

　　On October 28th, 1994, the National Map and Resources Information Bureau of the Philippines issued the Certificate of the Territorial Boundary of the Republic of the Philippines, which stated that "the territorial boundary and sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines are determined by Article 3 of the Paris Treaty signed on December 10th, 1898" and confirmed that "the territorial boundary shown in the No.25 official map issued by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of the Philippines through the National Map and Resources Information Bureau is completely correct and reflects the real state". As mentioned earlier, the Paris Treaty and two other treaties have defined the territorial boundary of the Philippines, and Huangyan Island in China is obviously outside this boundary. Official map no.25 reflects this fact. In a letter to the American Radio Association on November 18, 1994, the Philippine Radio Enthusiast Association wrote, "It is a very important fact that the relevant government agencies (in the Philippines) stated that scarborough Reef is located outside the territorial boundary of the Philippines based on Article 3 of the Paris Treaty signed on December 10, 1898."

　　111. In April 1997, the Philippines changed its position that its territorial scope did not include Huangyan Island, followed, monitored and interfered with the exploration activities of the international joint amateur radio expedition organized by China Radio Sports Association, and even ignored historical facts, claiming that Huangyan Island was within the exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles advocated by the Philippines, so it was Philippine territory. In this regard, China has repeatedly made representations to the Philippines, clearly pointing out that Huangyan Island is the inherent territory of China, and the Philippine claim is unreasonable, illegal and invalid.

　　112. On February 17, 2009, the Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 9522, which illegally classified Huangyan Island in China and some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands as Philippine territory. In this regard, China immediately made representations to the Philippines and issued a statement, reaffirming China’s sovereignty over Huangyan Island and Nansha Islands and their adjacent waters. Any other country’s claim for territorial sovereignty over Huangyan Island and Nansha Islands is illegal and invalid.

　　113. On April 10th, 2012, the Philippine warship "Del pilar" broke into the waters near Huangyan Island in China, illegally arrested and severely treated China fishermen and fishing boats operating in the waters, and deliberately provoked the Huangyan Island incident. China made solemn representations to the Philippines many times in Beijing and Manila, strongly protesting against the Philippines’ violation of China’s territorial sovereignty and hurting China fishermen, and demanding that the Philippines immediately withdraw all ships and personnel. At the same time, the China government quickly dispatched sea surveillance and fishery law enforcement vessels to Huangyan Island to safeguard sovereignty and rescue fishermen in China. In June, 2012, after repeated solemn representations by China, the Philippines withdrew relevant ships and personnel from Huangyan Island.

　　114. The illegal territorial claim of the Philippines to Huangyan Island in China has no basis in international law. The so-called claim that Huangyan Island is within the exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles in the Philippines but is Philippine territory is obviously a deliberate and absurd distortion of international law. The Philippine sent warships into the waters near Huangyan Island, which seriously violated China’s territorial sovereignty and the basic principles of the Charter and international law. The Philippines encouraged and encouraged Philippine ships and personnel to invade the waters of Huangyan Island in China on a large scale, which seriously violated China’s sovereignty and sovereign rights in the waters of Huangyan Island. The Philippines illegally detained China fishermen who were operating normally in the waters of Huangyan Island and subjected them to severe inhuman treatment, which seriously violated the personal dignity of China fishermen and trampled on human rights.

　　(D) The unilateral arbitration initiated by the Philippines is a malicious act.

　　115. On January 22, 2013, the then government of the Republic of the Philippines violated the consensus reached between China and the Philippines and repeatedly confirmed that disputes in the South China Sea should be resolved through negotiations, and violated its solemn commitment made in the Declaration. Knowing that territorial disputes did not fall within the scope of adjustment of the Convention and that maritime delimitation disputes had been excluded by China’s relevant statement in 2006, it deliberately packaged the disputes into simple issues of interpretation or application of the Convention and abused the Convention. The Philippine move is not to resolve the dispute with China, but to deny China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea. The behavior of the Philippines is malicious.

　　116. First, the Philippines unilaterally initiated arbitration, which violated the agreement between China and the Philippines to resolve disputes through bilateral negotiations. In relevant bilateral documents, China and the Philippines have reached an agreement on resolving disputes in the South China Sea through negotiations and confirmed it many times. In the Declaration, China and the Philippines made a solemn commitment to resolve the disputes in the South China Sea through negotiations, which were repeatedly confirmed in bilateral documents. The above-mentioned bilateral documents between China and the Philippines and the relevant provisions of the Declaration complement each other and constitute an agreement between China and the Philippines. On this basis, the two countries chose to solve the relevant disputes by negotiation, and excluded third-party methods including arbitration. The agreement must be observed. This basic norm of international law must be implemented. The Philippines’ violation of its solemn commitments is a serious breach of trust, and it does not create any rights for the Philippines, nor does it create any obligations for China.

　　117. Secondly, the Philippine unilaterally initiated arbitration, which violated China’s right to choose its own dispute settlement method as a party to the Convention. Article 280 of Part XV of the Convention stipulates that "nothing in this Convention shall prejudice the right of any contracting state to agree at any time to settle disputes between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention by any peaceful means of its own choice"; Article 281 stipulates that "if the contracting States, as the parties to a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention, have agreed to seek a settlement of the dispute by peaceful means of their own choice, the procedures stipulated in this Part will only be applied if this method has not been resolved and the agreement between the parties to the dispute does not exclude any other procedures". Since China and the Philippines have made a clear choice to resolve disputes through negotiations, the third-party compulsory dispute settlement procedure stipulated in the Convention is not applicable.

　　118. Third, the Philippines unilaterally initiated arbitration and abused the dispute settlement procedure of the Convention. The essence of the arbitration initiated by the Philippines is the territorial sovereignty of some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands, and related matters also constitute an inseparable part of the maritime delimitation between China and the Philippines. The issue of land territory does not fall within the scope of adjustment of the Convention. In 2006, China made an exclusionary declaration in accordance with Article 298 of the Convention, excluding disputes involving maritime delimitation, historic bays or ownership, military and law enforcement actions from the dispute settlement procedure of the Convention. The exclusionary declarations made by about 30 countries, including China, constitute an integral part of the dispute settlement mechanism of the Convention. The Philippines maliciously circumvented China’s restrictions that exclusionary statements and land and territorial disputes are not matters regulated by the Convention through packaging appeals, and unilaterally initiated arbitration, which constituted an abuse of the dispute settlement procedure of the Convention.

　　119. Fourthly, in order to promote arbitration, the Philippines fabricated facts, misinterpreted laws and fabricated a series of lies:

　　— — Knowing that its arbitration claim involves China’s territorial sovereignty in the South China Sea, the Philippines deliberately misinterprets and packages it as an issue of interpretation or application of the Convention.

　　— — The Philippines knows that its arbitration claim involves maritime delimitation, and China has made a declaration in accordance with Article 298 of the Convention, excluding disputes including maritime delimitation from the third-party dispute settlement procedure stipulated in the Convention, but it deliberately separates all factors that need to be considered in the process of maritime delimitation and treats them in isolation in an attempt to evade China’s relevant exclusionary statement;

　　— — Ignoring the fact that China and the Philippines have never conducted any negotiations on their arbitration matters, the Philippines deliberately misinterpreted some of its consultations with China on general maritime affairs and cooperation as negotiations on arbitration matters, and claimed that bilateral negotiation means had been exhausted on this pretext;

　　— — The Philippines claims that it does not seek to determine any territorial ownership or delineate any maritime boundary. However, in the arbitration process, especially in the trial, it has repeatedly denied China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea;

　　— — Ignoring China’s consistent position and practice on the South China Sea issue, the Philippines falsely claims that China claims exclusive maritime rights and interests over the whole South China Sea;

　　— — The Philippines deliberately exaggerates the historical role of western colonists in the South China Sea, and denies the historical facts and corresponding legal effects of China’s long-term development, management and jurisdiction of relevant waters in the South China Sea;

　　— — The Philippines is far-fetched, piecing together evidence that is not relevant and probative, and strongly supporting its claim;

　　— — The Philippines interprets the rules of international law at will, citing a large number of highly controversial judicial cases and non-authoritative personal opinions to support its demands.

　　120. In short, the unilateral arbitration initiated by the Philippines violates international law, including the dispute settlement mechanism of the Convention. The arbitral tribunal of the South China Sea arbitration case, established at the unilateral request of the Philippines, has no jurisdiction from the beginning, and its award is invalid and not binding. China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea are not affected by the arbitral award under any circumstances. China does not accept or recognize the award, and opposes and does not accept any claims and actions based on the arbitral award.

　　V. China’s policy in handling the South China Sea issue.

　　121. China is an important force in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. China always abides by the purposes and principles of the Charter, firmly upholds and promotes the international rule of law, respects and practices international law, while firmly safeguarding China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea, persists in resolving disputes through negotiation and consultation, persists in managing differences through rules and mechanisms, persists in achieving win-win results through mutually beneficial cooperation, and is committed to building the South China Sea into a sea of peace, friendship and cooperation.

　　122. China insists on maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea together with regional countries, firmly safeguards the freedom of navigation and overflight enjoyed by all countries in the South China Sea in accordance with international law, actively advocates the efforts of foreign countries to respect regional countries, and plays a constructive role in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea.

　　(1) On the territorial issue of Nansha Islands

　　123. China firmly upholds its sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands and their adjacent waters. Some countries have put forward illegal territorial claims and occupied some islands and reefs in Nansha Islands by force, which is a serious violation of the Charter and the basic norms of international relations. It is illegal and invalid. China resolutely opposes this and demands that the countries concerned stop invading China’s territory.

　　124. China has always been committed to resolving relevant disputes through negotiations with the countries directly concerned, including the Philippines, on the basis of respecting historical facts and in accordance with international law.

　　125. As we all know, the issue of land territory is not a matter regulated by the Convention. Therefore, the Convention does not apply to the territorial issue of Nansha Islands.

　　(2) On maritime delimitation in the South China Sea.

　　126. China maintains that the countries directly concerned should solve the maritime delimitation in the South China Sea fairly through negotiations in accordance with international laws, including the Convention. Before the final settlement of the demarcation issue, all parties should exercise self-restraint and refrain from actions that complicate and enlarge the dispute and affect peace and stability.

　　In 1996, when ratifying the Convention, China declared: "People’s Republic of China (PRC) will demarcate its maritime jurisdiction with countries with opposite or adjacent coasts through consultation, on the basis of international law and in accordance with the principle of fairness." In 1998, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf further clarified the principled position of China in solving the maritime delimitation problem with its maritime neighbors, that is, "If People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s claims on the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf overlap with those of countries with adjacent coasts or opposite coasts, the boundary shall be demarcated by agreement on the basis of international law in accordance with the principle of fairness" and "the provisions of this Law shall not affect the historical rights enjoyed by People’s Republic of China (PRC)".

　　128. China does not accept any attempt to impose maritime jurisdiction on China through unilateral actions, nor does it recognize any action that harms China’s maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.

　　(3) About dispute settlement methods

　　129. Based on a deep understanding of international practice and China’s own rich national practice, China firmly believes that no matter which mechanism or method is chosen to solve any disputes between countries, it should be based on the consent of the state.

　　130. On the issue of territorial and maritime delimitation, China does not accept any dispute settlement scheme imposed on China, nor does it accept any recourse to a third party. On August 25, 2006, China submitted a statement to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 298 of the Convention, stating that "regarding any dispute mentioned in Article 298 (1) (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention, the government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) will not accept any procedures stipulated in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention", and it is clear that it will involve maritime delimitation, historic bays or.

　　?

　　(4) On managing differences in the South China Sea and conducting pragmatic cooperation at sea.

　　According to international law and practice, before a maritime dispute is finally settled, the countries concerned should exercise restraint and make every effort to make practical temporary arrangements, including establishing and improving dispute control rules and mechanisms, carrying out cooperation in various fields, promoting "shelving disputes and jointly developing", maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea and creating conditions for the final settlement of disputes. The relevant cooperation and joint development shall not prejudice the demarcation of the final boundary.

　　133. China actively promotes the establishment of bilateral maritime consultation mechanisms with relevant countries to explore joint development in the fields of fisheries, oil and gas, and advocates that relevant countries actively explore the establishment of cooperation mechanisms among coastal countries in the South China Sea in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention.

　　China has always been committed to working with ASEAN countries to fully and effectively implement the Declaration and actively promote pragmatic cooperation at sea. It has achieved "early harvest" results, including the establishment of "China-ASEAN joint maritime search and rescue hotline platform", "China-ASEAN senior diplomatic officials hotline platform for responding to maritime emergencies" and "China-ASEAN joint maritime search and rescue sand table deduction".

　　135. China has always advocated that all parties actively promote the consultation on the "Code of Conduct in the South China Sea" within the framework of full and effective implementation of the Declaration, and strive to reach the "Code" at an early date on the basis of consensus. In order to properly control maritime risks before the "Code" is finally reached, China proposed to explore and formulate "preventive measures for maritime risk control", which was unanimously recognized by ASEAN countries.

　　(5) Freedom and safety of navigation in the South China Sea

　　136. China has always been committed to safeguarding the freedom of navigation and overflight enjoyed by all countries in accordance with international law and safeguarding the safety of sea lanes.

　　137. There are many important navigation channels in the South China Sea, and the related channel is also one of the main channels for China’s foreign trade and energy import. It is very important for China to guarantee the freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea and safeguard the safety of the sea channel in the South China Sea. For a long time, China has been committed to working with ASEAN countries to ensure the smoothness and safety of the South China Sea waterway, and has made significant contributions. There is no problem with the freedom of navigation and overflight enjoyed by countries in the South China Sea according to international law.

　　138. China actively provides international public goods, and strives to provide services to the international community, including navigation AIDS, search and rescue, sea conditions and weather forecasts, through various capacity building, so as to ensure and promote the safety of maritime navigation channels in the South China Sea.

　　139. China maintains that when all parties concerned exercise freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea, they should fully respect the sovereignty and security interests of coastal States and abide by the laws and regulations formulated by coastal States in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and other rules of international law.

　　(6) On jointly safeguarding peace and stability in the South China Sea

　　140. China maintains that peace and stability in the South China Sea should be jointly maintained by China and ASEAN countries.

　　141. China adheres to the path of peaceful development, the defensive national defense policy, the new security concept of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation, the neighboring foreign policy of being a good neighbor and partner, and the neighboring foreign policy of being good, secure and rich, and practicing the diplomatic concept of being close, sincere, beneficial and tolerant. China is a staunch force for maintaining peace and stability and promoting cooperation and development in the South China Sea. China is committed to deepening good-neighborliness and friendship with neighboring countries, actively promoting pragmatic cooperation with neighboring countries and regional organizations such as ASEAN, and achieving mutual benefit and win-win results.

　　142. The South China Sea is not only a bridge between China and neighboring countries, but also a link of peace, friendship, cooperation and development between China and neighboring countries. Peace and stability in the South China Sea are closely related to the security, development and prosperity of countries in the region and the well-being of people in the region. Achieving peace, stability, prosperity and development in the South China Sea is the common aspiration and responsibility of China and ASEAN countries, and it is in the common interest of all countries.

　　143. China will continue to make unremitting efforts to this end.

CJ

　 　 CJ E&M is a well-deserved "big brother", with abundant funds and superior strength. It integrates planning, production and distribution, and also owns CGV cinema. Ming Liang Hai Zhan, which set a new box office record in South Korea this summer, is a film released by CJ, and will soon land on the big screen in China. Next year, CJ will release the largest number of films with rich types, including romance, drama, thriller and costume films.

So beautiful

Director: Hyeon-Seok Kim Starring: Jin Yunshi/Han Xiaozhu/JUNG WOO/Jin Xiai

　 　 "So Beautiful" brings the story of the 20-year-old C’est si bon members such as Zhao Yingnan, Song Changzhi, Yin Hengzhu and Li Zhangxi to the big screen, full of retro style. The film takes the fictional character Gentai as the protagonist, and will start a new story. JUNG WOO and Jin Yunshi play the hero Gentai’s youth and middle age respectively. While actresses Han Xiaozhu and Jin Xiai play the leading role in the youth and middle age respectively. Director Hyeon-Seok Kim has directed films such as Guangzhi’s younger brother Guangtai and Love Operation Group.

veteran

Director: Liu Chengyong Starring: Huang Zhengmin/Yoo Ah In/Yun ju Chang

　 　 "Veteran" tells the story of veterans of a wide-area search team who repeatedly miss the suspect. Xu Daozhe, a criminal policeman played by Huang Zhengmin, has his own principles, and he chooses to face it directly no matter what happens. "Veteran" is also the third time that Huang Zhengmin cooperated with director Liu Chengyong after "Improper Trading". Zhao Thames, the third chaebol played by Yoo Ah In, seems confident on the surface, but his inferiority complex is hidden in his heart. Previously, Yoo Ah In was a boy image that made people feel warm in films such as "Young Won" and "Strong Zhe", but this time, he will completely transform himself into a man with strong male charm in "Veteran". Liu Haizhen plays "Cui Changzhi" under "Zhao Thames", who is a very calm figure and will bring tension to the development of the plot. And Dal-su Oh is a good helper of "Xu Daozhe" and "Captain Wu". In addition, Man-sik Jeong, Zheng Xiongren, Yun ju Chang, Jin Shihou, Chen Jing, Liu Renying and other actors appeared.

Today’s love

Director: Jin-pyo Park Starring: Li Shengji/Moon Chae Won

　 　 Today’s Love is about the relationship between men and women that changes like the weather. It is a comedy love story, which will be directed by Jin-pyo Park, the director of films such as You are my destiny, That guy’s voice and My Love is by My Side. This film is also Li Shengji’s big-screen debut, and it is expected to show a completely different look from previous TV dramas and variety shows. Moon Chae Won returned to the big screen three years after The Final Weapon: Bow. She will play the beautiful, eloquent and mobile weather program host Xianyu in the new film, and will also change her gentle image and perform a 180-degree acting transformation.

Longevity chamber of commerce

Director: Jiang Digui Starring: Geun-hyeong Park/Yin Ruzhen

　 　 "Longevity Chamber of Commerce" previously had titles such as "Greetings from Love" and "The Last First Love", which told the story of old couples’ yellow love and family affection. The film is joined by actors such as Geun-hyeong Park, Yin Ruzhen, Zhao Zhenxiong, Han Zhimin, Woo seul hye Hwang, Wen Jiaying and EXO Canlie. It tells the story of the upcoming redevelopment project in the village, and the only person who disagrees is the stubborn old man "Chengqi" (played by Geun-hyeong Park) of Changshou Supermarket, who accidentally meets Ginny (played by Yin Ruzhen) and falls in a romantic love affair. He never thought it was a premeditated honey trap. The film brings warm family love and the love of the elderly into the film, showing the audience an image different from that of the elderly in previous film and television dramas. Director Jiang Digui has directed many blockbusters before, such as Bed under the Ginkgo Tree, Life and Death, Flying Tai Chi Flag, Landing Day, etc. The Longevity Chamber of Commerce this time focuses on the subtle feelings of the characters, and how he will change his previous style and bring a film is also the focus of the film industry.

Guest

Director: Gwang-tae Kim Starring: Seung-yong Ryoo/Li Chengmin/Lee Joon

　 　 The Guest, directed by Gwang-tae Kim, a newcomer, tells the story of a father and son coming to a secret village in the late Korean War. Seung-yong Ryoo will play the man who comes to the village, Li Chengmin will play the village head, and Li Biao will play the role of Nan Zhu, the youngest son of the village head, opposite Seung-yong Ryoo. Lee Joon, who was born as an idol singer, has previously appeared in film and television dramas such as Ninja Assassin, Actor Is Actor, Ji Tongyi, etc., which can be described as a blue chip among the new actors of Zhongwulu (the representative of Korean film industry).

Don’t forget me

Director: Li Yunzhen Starring: Jung Woo Sung/Jin Hena/Ju-wan On

　 　 Li Yunzhen, the director of the film, once worked as a screenwriter for Sweet and Dark Lover and Goodfellas, Bad Guys and Weird Guys, and later worked as a screenwriter for the short film The Old Man in front of the Killer directed by Jung Woo Sung, and met Jung Woo Sung. The new film "Don’t Forget Me" is also produced by Jung Woo Sung and starred by himself. This film is also Jin Hena’s return to the big screen after three years, and her last film was Pet Lover in 2011. Based on the short film of the same name, the film is re-planned and adapted into a long film, which tells the anxiety and pain experienced by a man who has lost his memory.

The Age of Innocence

Director: Sang-hoon Ahn Starring: Shin Ha-kyun/Z Ryan/Kang Han na/KangHaNeul

　 　 Director Sang-hoon Ahn has previously directed "A Niang" and "Blindness" and won the attention of the film industry. It is also very curious that this costume film is an erotic film for the first time. The film is adapted from the first prince’s rebellion in the Lee Dynasty of Korea, which is called "Wuyin Jingshe Society". It tells the story of a prostitute who approached the hero for revenge but fell in love with her enemy. It is also known as the Korean version of Lust, Caution. Kang Han na, who was a topical figure in the opening ceremony of the 18th Busan Film Festival, has appeared in The Crying Man and Friends 2, and this time he is expected to be another Tang Wei in The Age of Innocence.

Himalaya

Director: Seok-hoon Lee Starring: Huang Zhengmin/JUNG WOO

　 　 Seok-hoon Lee, the director of One Pirate, who won the box office this summer, will direct a new film, Himalaya, which is based on a true story. The hero is also changed from the previously reported Jin Mingmin to Huang Zhengmin. The film tells the story of a Korean mountaineer, Park Woo-jae, who was killed while climbing Mount Everest at an altitude of 8750M in 2004. In order to find the remains of his companions and make them rest in peace, Yan Hongji led a delegation to Mount Everest and started a new expedition. On May 29th, Yan Hongji and his team members lived up to expectations, found the body of Park Wu-zhai at 8700 M, held a grand burial ceremony at the top of the snow-capped roof of the world, and erected a monument to commemorate it. At that time, after this incident was exposed, it also caused a wave of emotion. The film is expected to be shot in the snow-capped mountains in Nepal and other places to show a more realistic view of the snow-capped mountains.

Detective Hong Jitong

Director: Cao Chengxi Starring: Li Dixun/Go Ara/Jin Chengjun

　 　 Detective Hong Jitong is directed by Cao Chengxi, the director of The Beast’s End and Wolf Boys, and tells the story of a young private detective, Hong Jitong, in the 1990s. This film is also the big-screen return of Li Dixun who just retired at the end of July. In 2010, Li Dixun won the attention with the independent film Watcher, and then successively appeared in films such as Highland War, Introduction to Architecture, My Pavarotti, etc., and became a blue chip of Zhongwu Road, which also gained a high popularity. Jin Chengjun played a serial murderer in the movie Neighbor, and Dong Fan, the father of five kidnappers, was the best at using knives in Huayi: The Child Who Swallows Monsters. This time, he will play a completely different villain role in Detective Hong Jitong, which also makes fans look forward to it.

Home full of happiness

Director: Lee Kyoung-mi Starring: Son Ye Jin/Jin Zhuhe

　 　 A Home Full of Happiness is a thriller with a completely different title, which tells the story of a couple of politicians who run for Congress with the goal of a happy future and encounter terrible events during the election. Son Ye Jin, who starred in My Wife Married, My Damn Girlfriend, Accomplice and Skyscraper, became the box office goddess in the Korean film industry with The One Pirate with 8.5 million viewers this year. This time, after My Wife Married, she will play husband and wife with Jin Zhuhe again after six years. They will play husband Zhong Zan and wife Yan Hong respectively in the film. Lee Kyoung-mi, the director, won the honor of Best Newcomer Director in the 29th Qinglong Film Awards for her debut film Miss Carrot in 2008.

Peach and plum flower song

Director: Jong-pil Lee Starring: Seung-yong Ryoo/Suzy Bae/Jin Nanji

　 　 Pansori is a traditional narrative rap art in North Korea, and Song of Peach and Plum Flowers is a short song written by Shen Zaixiao, a famous composer of Pansori in the Gaozong period of North Korea, for the sake of his disciple Chen Caixian. The film of the same name is also expected to tell the story of the master and apprentice. Xiuzhi, who became the "national first love" by starring in "Introduction to Architecture" before, returned to the big screen this time and played the first female singer Chen Caixian in North Korea. Chen Caixian was born in a poor family and unfortunately fell into a brothel, breaking the prejudice of the times that only men could sing Pansori, and growing into the first female singer in North Korea. The master of Caixian, Shen Zaixiao, is played by Seung-yong Ryoo, a first-line actor who has starred in blockbuster films such as "Two-faced Kings" and "Gift from Room 7". Jin Nanji plays Xing Xuan Da Yuan Jun, the father of Emperor Gaozong of North Korea. In the early days of Emperor Gaozong’s reign, Xing Xuan Da Yuan Jun was actually the highest authority. Xing Xuan Yuan Jun likes Pan Suoli very much and fell in love with Caixian at first sight. However, Caixian loves his master Shen Zaixiao. He used his right to keep Caixian around until he lost power and influence, and Caixian left him to look for his master, who was seriously ill and dying.

Time Breaker

Director: Guo Zairong Starring: Cho Jung Seok/Lin Xiujing/lee jin Uk

　 　 The Time Breaker was directed by Guo Zairong, the film director of My Savage Girlfriend and If Love Had God’s Will. The film mainly tells the story of two men falling in love with the same woman, which existed in the past and now respectively. Guo Zairong’s previous films have a unique perspective on depicting love, and this new film is bound to show the characteristics of director Guo Zairong. For the first time since her debut, Lin Xiujing played Yunzhen in 1983, who was about to marry Zhihuan, a music teacher played by Cho Jung Seok, and Su En in 2015, and solved the puzzle together with Jianyu, a criminal policeman played by lee jin Uk.

The angry lawyer

Director: Jong-ho Heo Starring: Li Shanjun/Ko Eun Kim/Zhang Xuancheng

　 　 The new film Angry Lawyers, directed by Countdown director Jong-ho Heo, tells a bizarre murder case. Only the suspect can’t find the evidence and the body. Lawyers and prosecutors work together to uncover the story behind the incident. The lawyer played by Li Shanjun has always been victorious, and he believes that winning in court is justice. The prosecutor played by Ko Eun Kim has the strong belief of judicial personnel. Two people have opposing opinions on big and small things, but they finally work together to solve the case. Zhang Xuancheng plays the client of the case and is also the president of the company. Won-hie Lim’s purser Park stood by Li Shanjun’s side to support him. The film will be released in South Korea in 2015.

Giant

Director: Jin Taiyong Starring: Choi Woo-shik/Soo-hyun Kim

　 　 Giant has attracted much attention because it was invited to participate in the screening of the 19th Busan International Film Festival "Today’s Korean Film". This film was also made by director Jin Taiyong based on his own experience, and director Jin Taiyong was the youngest Korean director to be shortlisted for Cannes International Film Festival. Choi Woo-shik’s performance in this film is impressive. Choi Woo-shik has played a supporting role in many TV dramas, such as Hidden and Great, Wang Shizi on the Roof, Rooted in the Tree, etc. This time, he starred in Giant, which attracted much attention, and some Korean media thought that he would become another new acting actor discovered at Busan Film Festival after Ha Jung Woo and Li Dixun.

Next page: Lotte Entertainment’s new film in 2015

Megan fox is expected to play "Poison Ivy"

Anne Hathaway used to beThe Dark Knight Rises.Play catwoman

1905 movie network news Warner Pictures is expanding the DC universe faster and faster, and several villains’ single films have been set up one after another, the most striking of which is Gotham City Sirens, which is jointly organized by david ayer and "Ugly Girl" Margot Elise Robbie. According to foreign media reports, megan fox and Anne Hathaway are expected to join the film, playing "Poison Ivy" and "Catwoman" respectively.

Gotham City Sirens is mainly based on the comic book of the same name published by DC in 2011, which tells the story of "clown girls" harley quinn and Poison Ivy, Catwoman — — Three female opponents who have been entangled with Batman for many years will team up to form the story of the strongest female villain group in the history of DC comics. Geneva Valet-Robinson, a big-budget female screenwriter, will write a script for the film.

Megan fox himself is a comic book fan. In 2014, he expressed his desire to play Poison Ivy or Sonia with red hair. Recently, careful fans found that megan fox ordered the 14th, 17th and 38th sentences of the cartoon Harry Quinn online and sent them to her address in Warner Studio. The first two sentences of these three cartoons tell the story of clown girl and Poison Ivy, while the third one tells the story of Poison Ivy and Gotham police.

Of course, buying cartoons may only be Fox’s private behavior, but buying cartoons with obvious directionality at this point in time can basically confirm that Megan Fox is the corner of Poison Ivy in Gotham City Sirens. David ayer, the director, also revealed in an interview that the three roles of clown, Poison Ivy and Catwoman will all appear in the film. Megan fox can be said to be a good choice for Poison Ivy, and he has had a lot of experience in large-scale productions.

As for who will play the role of Catwoman, there is also news. Anne Hathaway once played Catwoman in the film, which left a deep impression on the audience. After the film was released, Hathaway once said that she was open to re-playing Catwoman. In September this year, Hathaway once again revealed her love for Catwoman and Marvel Universe and her desire to return.

Let’s wait and see who will spend these two roles.

　　On December 13th, the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism held a press conference to introduce the health management of key populations.

　　[About pregnant women]

　　Infection of pregnant womenWill it be transmitted to the fetus?

　　Because the mother has a very good protective barrier such as placenta, it is almost not transmitted to the fetus. However, if it is postpartum, if the mother and the baby are together, we should pay attention to isolation. It is best for the baby mother to have a certain isolation from the newborn or wear N95, so that she can breastfeed.

　　How should pregnant women strengthen their own protection?

　　For pregnant women, it is necessary to go to the hospital for routine check-up, make an appointment as much as possible, pay more attention to the standardized wearing of N95 mask when going to the hospital, and reduce the waiting time. There are some check-ups that you don’t have to go to. When you have some questions, you can consult in the form of online medical treatment.

　　What should pregnant women do if they have symptoms such as fever?

　　You can do nucleic acid test or antigen test to determine whether it is Covid-19 infection. Whether it is Covid-19 infection or not, the symptomatic measures that need to be taken can be to drink more water and cool down physically, and to choose traditional Chinese medicine that pregnant women can use for symptomatic treatment. If you choose western medicine for reducing fever, if the temperature exceeds 38.5 degrees, you can choose acetaminophen for treatment. It is especially important to pay attention to the fact that you choose a single drug for reducing fever and don’t superimpose it.

　　[About children]

　　What medicines can families with children store?

　　Families with children should properly store some emergency drugs commonly used by children, but it is not recommended to store a lot of drugs. If you store a lot of drugs improperly, it may lead to children taking them by mistake. As for antipyretics, children over 6 months old can choose ibuprofen and acetaminophen, and one of them will do. If children between 2 months and 6 months are not suitable for ibuprofen, acetaminophen can be used. For children within two months, it is not recommended to use antipyretic drugs routinely, and measures such as physical cooling can be taken and timely medical treatment can be taken.

　　What situation does the child need to see a doctor for fever?

　　The simplest way to distinguish is to look at the child’s mental state. If the child has symptoms such as fever, but his spirit is quite good, especially if he can eat, drink and play after the fever has gone down, there is no need to be particularly nervous at this time, and there is no need to go to the hospital immediately. You can continue to observe and treat the symptoms at home.

　　It is recommended to go to the hospital in the following situations: the fever lasts for more than 3 days and there is no sign of improvement; Even if the fever is gone, the spirit is still not good; Cough is gradually aggravated, which affects daily life and sleep; Wheezing, rapid breathing, even dyspnea, obvious hoarseness, etc., be careful of laryngitis and laryngotracheitis; If you have consciousness disorder or convulsion, you should see a doctor immediately. Pay special attention to the fact that children under three months are a special group. Once fever occurs, it is recommended to see a doctor in time.

　　[About the elderly]

　　How should the elderly protect themselves?

　　The elderly are particularly in need of protection, and prevention is the first priority. First of all, it is necessary to vaccinate, including the whole process of vaccination and strengthening the vaccine. Second, I hope that elderly friends will go out less. Third, strengthen ventilation, and pay attention to the problem of keeping the elderly warm in the process of ventilation. Fourth, elderly friends with basic diseases should be well controlled at this stage. Fifth, we need to live a regular life in the near future. In addition, family members who don’t live with the elderly can reduce their visits to the elderly in the near future and reduce the chance of virus exposure.

　　How long can the elderly produce antibodies after vaccination?

　　Generally, it takes one to two weeks to produce antibodies after vaccination, but if a relatively high level of antibodies is to be produced, it will take about four weeks after full immunization. After strengthening immunization, the time to produce antibodies is faster and shorter, and the level of antibodies produced is also higher. This further reminds us that these elderly people who have not completed vaccination should be vaccinated as soon as possible, and those who have not completed strengthening should be strengthened as soon as possible, so as to play a better protective role.

　　What conditions do the elderly need to see a doctor?

　　First, symptoms persist or worsen, such as fever that persists or even tends to worsen. Second, there are new symptoms. Third, the aggravation of basic diseases. In addition, some basic diseases themselves are unstable, or there are elderly people over 80 years old who have not been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. This group of people is at high risk of severe COVID-19 and high-risk groups, so we need to pay special attention to it.

　　What should be paid attention to in home treatment of cardiovascular patients?

　　There is no need to worry too much about patients with original cardiovascular diseases who are infected with Covid-19. The main line that needs attention is to manage the basic diseases of the heart well, use the original drugs for cardiovascular diseases well, increase the immunity of the body, improve the quality of sleep and overcome anxiety. Don’t stop taking drugs for cardiovascular disease prevention and control for a long time, which may induce or aggravate the disease. If you have persistent chest pain, go to the hospital for further diagnosis and treatment.

　　Source: People’s Daily WeChat, press conference on comprehensive joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council.

Special feature of 1905 film network Countdown in 2022. All walks of life began to sum up the gains and losses of the year. Looking at the domestic drama market, this year is another year to hold high the banner of "improving quality and reducing quantity". According to public data, in the first three quarters, there were 243 dramas online, 32 fewer than the same period of last year, and the overall quality of domestic dramas developed in the direction of quality.

According to the statistics of 1905 Film Network, as of press time, there were 11 domestic dramas with scores of 7.7-7.9 in Douban in 2022, and 12 with scores above 8, the number was basically the same as last year. Throughout the performance of the drama series in 2022, there are many excellent works to achieve a double harvest in the word-of-mouth market. In a dynamic market environment, they jointly wrote another brilliant chapter belonging to domestic dramas.

8 points+drama achievement highlights of the year

Waiting for the explosion list

In 2022, there were 12 domestic dramas with scores above 8, covering sports, love, costume, suspense, fantasy, etc., and the market showed a posture of letting a hundred flowers blossom.

The 9.3-point "Daughter of Dashan" is the only Chinese drama that has passed the 9-point mark this year, ranking first in the annual word-of-mouth list. Judging from the portraits of the audience, the main fans of the play are middle-aged and elderly people, so there is no big noise on the Internet.

However, according to China Audio-visual Big Data of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, the viewing share of Daughter of Dashan is as high as 5%, ranking first in the prime-time TV series in China. In a sense, it can also be called a veritable high-quality masterpiece this year.

More than 230,000 people scored a high score of 8.5, which also made it ranked second in the word-of-mouth list.

Dubbed by the audience as the script "Guarding the Liberation of the West", the story revolves around four fledgling trainee police officers. With its grounded plot and humorous expression, it has won the favor of a large number of audiences. During the first broadcast, it won many hot searches and the ratings exceeded 100 million. It is also a well-received and blockbuster explosion masterpiece.

"Sanyue has a new job" and "Foreign Material Records" both ranked third in the annual word of mouth with a score of 8.4. Compared with the above two TV dramas, both of them are representatives of "small but beautiful".

Similar to the movie, "Sanyue has a new job" also pays attention to the funeral industry, and rarely discusses the growth of "lying flat" girls from the perspective of body makeup artists. The shaping of post-95 life attitude and value orientation is clearly in place, which resonates with many young audiences.

"The History of Foreign Objects" is a work with both suspense and fantasy elements in this year’s 8+National Drama. In recent years, suspense drama has been in full swing, and The Tale of Foreign Objects skillfully supplemented by fantasy has created its own splendor.

"Long River in the World" scored 8.3, and passed the top three in word of mouth. In the track with the theme of costume, "Long River in the World" is more inclined to the category of historical drama, with historical facts to be tested and multi-line narratives echoing each other, which makes it complete the breakthrough of types.

Similarly, The Wind Rises in Longxi, which is based on Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition, was once praised as "Seeing the Great History with Little People" with a score of 8.1.

Meng Hua Lu, who is also a costume drama, focuses on "ancient dolls". The casting of the partner is not only full of value, but also difficult to find fault with the fit of the characters. Their excellent performances also help Meng Hua Lu break into the high score list with a score of 8.0.

The time series "The Wind Blows Pinellia" and "In the World" all cut through the exploration in the tide of reform and opening up, recreating that magnificent course. The former got a high score of 8.2, while the latter got a score of 8.1, and became a phenomenal explosive work.

At the 31st China Golden Eagle Awards Ceremony, "On Earth" won four awards including "Excellent TV Series". Recently, it won the award for outstanding TV works in the commendation of advanced units and outstanding works in the 16th "Five One Project" of spiritual civilization construction.

In addition, the 8.2-point "Beyond" is the only sports drama on the list. The return of the original crew of "20 Don’t Confuse 2" and the starring romantic drama "My Calorie Boy" were also successfully shortlisted for 8 points+list.

The main melody drama performed brilliantly.

"Now" and "suspense" almost mean.

Looking at the 12 plays on the 8+list, it is not difficult to find that the main melody series accounts for a high proportion. Daughter of Dashan, Police Honor, Pinellia ternata blown by the wind, Transcendence and In the World all belong here.

Or the group image expression like "Police Honor" is full of workplace elements, or "Beyond" pays tribute to the short track speed skating competition and reflects the changes of the times … Thanks to the successful hosting of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and the convening of the Party’s 20th victory, this year’s main theme drama series is not only richer in theme types, but also more diversified in expression methods, further satisfying people’s aesthetic needs.

Take "Police Honor" as an example. Unlike many TV series that focus on the "police" group, the four "trainee policemen" do not exaggerate the heroic aura too much, but appear as "ordinary people", who will boldly move forward, hesitate and occasionally show their vulnerability. The whole drama runs through with a strong "fireworks", which makes the audience intuitively feel the ups and downs of the grassroots police.

Last year, there were popular Minning Town and Black Storm, and this year, there are high-quality representatives such as In the World and Police Honor. The main melody drama series is undoubtedly a branch of the drama market that cannot be ignored in recent years.

At present, although there is no division in the hit, from the feedback of many viewers, the texture of the play is also worthy of praise.

In terms of other types of themes, the ancient costume works are the most worthy of attention.

The public report pointed out that the number of costume dramas launched in 2022 dropped significantly compared with the same period of last year, but the overall quality improved significantly. As mentioned above, "Long River in the World", "Wind Rises in Longxi" and "Dream of China" are all above the 8+list, second only to the main melody works in quantity.

From the heat point of view, the ancient puppet drama that abandoned "industrial saccharin" can be slightly better than other costume dramas by virtue of the magic weapon of natural "high sweetness".

For example, the 7.9-point "Canglan Tactic" and the 7.7-point "Splendid Star and Bright Moon Rising to the Sea" failed to make the 8-point+list, but the overall performance was also remarkable, especially the former ranked first in the broadcast index of all dramas in the third quarter. "Di Xin Gravitation", "Wu Lu can escape" and "Looking forward to brightness" have become one of the most popular CPS in 2022.

In terms of "current spouse", the best score on the list is My Calorie Boy with 8.1 points. I have to say that this masterpiece of word of mouth has received little attention, with only 12,000 evaluators.

On the contrary, more than 160,000 people commented, and those who set off the movie-watching boom only got 7.4 points. Another example is "Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, bright stars", whose revenue has exceeded 100 million yuan, with a score of only 6.5, and "current couples" with popular traffic blessings, such as "28 Laws of Love", whose scores are only hovering on the qualified line.

This also means that the "modern couple" still needs to continue to refuel on the road of exploration in order to gain the dual recognition of the market and word of mouth.

There are many innovative works in suspense dramas this year, but on the whole, it is a sigh of relief.

At the beginning of the year, The Beginnings quickly became popular with the theme of "infinite flow" time cycle, followed by the close-knit plots from the perspective of the portrait artist, including "Coward" adapted from the novel "Raw Swallow". The scores of the three popular suspense dramas were all between 7.5 and 7.9, and they failed to reach by going up one flight of stairs. "Old Play Bone" partner’s "The Gate of Rebirth" failed to cross the 7-point mark.

"The Story of Foreign Objects", which focuses on suspense and fantasy, has a slightly higher score, but it fails to make a circle in the degree of communication. If you want to make the next one, you also need to spend some thought on suspense drama.

It is worth mentioning that "Sanyue has a new job" and "Twenty Don’t Confuse 2" pay attention to the young audience, and truly discuss the growth process of the younger generation, which greatly arouses the audience’s empathy and both stand out in word of mouth. The success of "Twenty Don’t Confuse 2" has even broken the "curse" of the IP sequel, which has greatly improved its reputation compared with the previous work.

It also involves the discussion of teenagers’ topics, and the scores of Dear Children and are 7.7 and 7.3 respectively.

In the final analysis, literary and artistic works must ultimately be geared to the public. No matter what type it belongs to, grasping the audience’s mind is always the basis for its double harvest of market reputation, and it is also an issue that creators need to think about.

1905 movie network news In 2019, the most "popular" superhero movie announced that it was scheduled for the mainland. After January 25th, 2019, Deadpool actor Ryan Reynolds also announced that he was coming to China, which caused an uproar on the Internet. In fact, we can’t blame the domestic fans for being too excited. The "little cheap cheap" not only meets the mainland audience on the big screen, but also meets the fans at the China premiere on the evening of January 20th. The audience and fans are all looking forward to the "close contact" with "Deadpool Benshi".

A few days ago, the official Twitter of the film released a set of "Ten-year Challenge" funny pictures specially prepared for Uncle Wolf Hugh Jackman. Ten years ago, Uncle Wolf was extremely brave, and after ten years, there were only a bunch of barren graves left. China netizens laughed and cried after watching it, bluntly saying that "ten years of life and death are two boundless", and some people even said that "the small base finally got revenge"! It turned out that a month ago, Uncle Wolf tricked Ryan, the actor of Deadpool, into attending a "sweater party" at Christmas. At the scene, only Cheap Cheap actually wore a Christmas sweater, and the look of Cheap Cheap was played by many netizens.

Not only Uncle Jian Wolf, but even celine dion didn’t let go. In an official tidbit released a few days ago, the "cheap" person was as the name implies. When meeting celine dion after the rehearsal, the sudden "cheap" made the goddess start to be indecent. The two not only praised each other’s figure, but celine dion also personally identified the authenticity of the cheap chest, but the "cheap" nature remained unchanged and quipped, "I don’t care.

It diss worth mentioning that after Death Waiter 2: I Love My Family was announced to be released in China, a "Deadpool Storm" suddenly exploded in China. Coser put on Deadpool’s battle clothes one after another, and launched various "cheap" interactions with passers-by in cinemas in Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, which not only played tricks on people, but also openly disowned characters in other movies in cinemas.

This time, Ryan Reynolds, as the star of Dead Waiter 2: I Love My Family, not only continued the Max’s mouth gun skills of the previous work, but also became a co-writer and producer of this film, contributing endless jokes and jokes, which made netizens unable to help but ask "Is Ryan playing Deadpool or Deadpool playing Ryan?"

"Ryan has the same idea as Deadpool, and he also thinks and speaks in Deadpool’s way." Even Ritter Reese, the screenwriter of Dead Waiter 2: I Love My Family, said, "In a sense, Ryan is Deadpool, and his sense of humor fits seamlessly with Deadpool’s style."

China’s big screen finally ushered in the "cheap", and Deadpool himself, Ryan Reynolds, will be with his fans at the premiere on January 20th. Dead Waiter 2: I Love My Family will be released nationwide on January 25th.

　　1949In, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and the development of agricultural science and technology in China opened a new historical chapter. Under the strong leadership of previous central leading collectives and with the joint efforts of generations of agricultural science and technology workers, the development of agricultural science and technology in China has undergone earth-shaking changes, and the development of agricultural science and technology in China has undergone historic changes from small to large and from weak to strong. At present, the overall level of agricultural science and technology innovation in China has entered the second phalanx in the world, and the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress has reached58.3%It has played an important role in ensuring national food security, increasing farmers’ income and green agricultural development, and has become the most important driving force for promoting China’s agricultural and rural economic growth.　

　　70In recent years, it has developed from several agricultural experimental sites into the most complete agricultural science and technology innovation system in the world. At present, China’s agricultural science and technology innovation system has a complete hierarchy from central to local, and the number of institutions, the scale of personnel, and the coverage of industries and disciplines are the highest in the world.In the construction of scientific research system,On the basis of several agricultural experimental sites in Beijing, Huai ‘an, Baoding and Jinan before the founding of New China, a system of agricultural scientific research institutions at the central, provincial and local levels was quickly established. Reform and opening up ushered in the spring of the development of science and technology, and the policy environment, institutional environment and investment support environment have been greatly improved. At present, the number of agricultural scientific research institutions at or above the prefecture level in China has reached1035A.In the construction of technology extension system,The agricultural technology extension system has experienced a difficult period of establishment, a painful period of "broken lines and scattered networks" under the double impact of market and system reform, and a period of integrated development of "one subject and multiple elements" in the new era. Agricultural extension agencies at all levels earnestly perform their duties of promoting advanced and practical technologies, monitoring, forecasting and preventing animal and plant diseases and agricultural disasters, and have made great contributions to the sustained and stable development of agriculture and rural areas.In the construction of education and training system,China’s farmers’ education and training system has experienced amateur schools, literacy campaign committees, cadre schools, "May 7th University", agricultural radio and television schools at all levels, and the modern new professional farmers’ education and training system of "one master and multiple", which has played a positive role in improving farmers’ scientific production, civilized life and innovative management.　

　　70In recent years, from the traditional production of "depending on the weather", it has developed into a modern agricultural technology system with improved varieties and good methods and the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong put forward the "Eight-character Constitution of Agriculture", which has played a positive role and far-reaching influence on scientific farming until today.In terms of variety cultivation,For a long time, the seed source of agricultural production in China was kept by farmers, and the major technological breakthroughs represented by dwarf breeding, distant hybridization and heterosis utilization contributed tofive～sixThe varieties of secondary crops were updated, and the grain yield per unit area was increased from the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.sixty-ninekilogram/Mu has increased to the present375kilogram/Mu, the coverage rate of improved varieties reached96%Above.In pest control,In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, faced with the disasters caused by locusts taking off year after year, the outbreak and spread of wheat stripe rust and the ravages of cotton bollworm, there were almost no effective means of prevention and control. After several generations of efforts, a scientific and effective technical system for monitoring, early warning and prevention and control of pests and diseases was gradually established to ensure that no major biological disasters occurred in a large area.In facility agriculture,From eating only radish and cabbage stored in winter in the north to relying on protected agricultural production, the annual supply of fresh vegetables and fruits has been realized, and the restrictions of natural conditions such as water temperature and light on agricultural production have been broken. From plastic greenhouses and arch sheds to modern solar greenhouses and multi-span greenhouses, the total area has reached the sum of other countries.fiveMore than twice the scale of facility agriculture.　

　　70Over the years, relying on the scientific research method of "one ruler and one steelyard", it has developed into a platform system of scientific and technological innovation conditions with complete facilities and excellent equipment. The platform construction of agricultural science and technology conditions in China has achieved historic transformation and earth-shaking changes from point to surface, from small scale to large scale.In the construction of basic conditions for agricultural scientific research,A series of capacity-building plans for scientific research conditions have been issued successively, a large number of scientific instruments and equipment have been equipped, and the housing repair, infrastructure improvement, equipment purchase and upgrading of scientific research units have been implemented, greatly improving the scientific and technological basic conditions of agricultural scientific research institutions at all levels.In terms of scientific and engineering research platforms,It has built a large number of major national scientific and technological infrastructures, such as the national major scientific project of crop genetic resources and genetic improvement, the national high-level biosafety laboratory for animal disease prevention and control, as well as national laboratories, state key laboratories and provincial key agricultural laboratories, and has a number of "national heavy weapons" in the agricultural field.In terms of platform construction for technological innovation and achievement transformation,A number of national engineering laboratories, national engineering technology research centers and national crop improvement centers (sub-centers) have been built around key technologies and engineering technologies, major equipment and product research and development, which have accelerated the transformation and industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.In terms of the construction of basic support and conditional support platforms,Around the basic and long-term work of agricultural science and technology, a number of national field observation and research stations, field observation and test stations of the Ministry of Agriculture, national crop germplasm resources bank (nursery) and national agricultural science data center have been built, which has laid a solid foundation for agricultural science and technology research.　

　　70In recent years, from the traditional mode of production of "people carrying cows and pulling them", it has developed into a modern mode of production with mechanization, automation and intelligence. China’s agricultural production mode has achieved a historic leap from human and animal power to mechanical operation. At present, the comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in China exceeds67%In some fields and links, the "machine substitution" has been gradually realized, which has significantly enhanced the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.In the development of agricultural machinery and equipment,"Dongfanghong"200Horsepower tractors fill the gap of domestic high-powered tractors, and have been developed successively.4000A variety of machinery and equipment such as ploughing and land preparation, planting machinery, field management, harvesting, postpartum treatment and processing.In the aspect of overall mechanization of the main links of major crops,Wheat production is basically mechanized in the whole process, and the mechanization rate of rice and corn cultivation exceeds80%The mechanization level of rape, peanut, soybean and cotton has been greatly improved, and the facilities and mechanization of livestock and poultry aquaculture, fruit and vegetable tea and facility gardening have made great progress.In terms of precision and intelligence of agricultural production informatization,Pass by40Introduction, digestion and innovative development in 2000,2018The proportion of China’s agricultural digital economy in the added value of the industry has reached7.3%The online retail sales of agricultural products maintained rapid growth.2018Reach the year2305100 million yuan. China’s intelligent agricultural machinery and robots, drone plant protection services, agricultural Internet of Things, plant factories and agricultural big data account for the proportion of the global agricultural science and technology market, respectively.34%、45%、34%、thirty percentandthirty percent.　

　　70In recent years, the extensive production mode of "big water, big fertilizer and big medicine" has been transformed into a resource-saving and environment-friendly green development mode. China’s basic national conditions, resource endowments and stage characteristics of development determine that we must take the green development road of "one control, two reductions and three basics".In terms of water conservation in agriculture,twentycentury50Since the s, China has successively builtfour hundredMany irrigation experimental stations have produced a large number of outstanding achievements in the theoretical methods, key technologies, important equipment and management norms in the fields of dry farming and water saving, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, and the water-saving irrigation area has reached.4.66100 million mu.In that scientific application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides,From the excessive application oriented to increasing production in 1970s and 1980s to the scientific application oriented to improving quality at present, the transformation from excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to zero growth and negative growth has been realized. The fertilization mode of soil testing, formula fertilization and integration of water and fertilizer was comprehensively popularized, and the action of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer was implemented. A number of high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides and biological pesticides have been created, and the biological prevention and control technology of crops has developed rapidly.In that resource utilization of agricultural waste,Crop straw has changed from simple fuel to multi-purpose comprehensive utilization such as fuel, raw material, feed, fertilizer and base material. Livestock and poultry waste has changed from direct discharge to centralized treatment and recycling, and the "white pollution" of cultivated land caused by the use of agricultural film is being gradually controlled and solved through mechanical picking, unified recycling and biodegradation.　

　　70Over the past years, China has inherited, carried forward and accumulated some valuable good experiences and practices in promoting the development of agricultural science and technology, mainly adhering to the Party’s leadership over agricultural science and technology work, always following the laws governing the development of agriculture and agricultural science and technology, always taking the road of independent innovation of agricultural science and technology with China characteristics, always promoting the reform and innovation of agricultural science and technology system and mechanism, always persisting in the institutional advantages of concentrating on doing great things, and always persisting in planning guidance and legal protection.　

order of the president of the people’s republic of china　

No.74　

　　(Adopted at the Second Session of the Eighth the NPC Standing Committee on July 2, 1993, revised at the 31st Session of the Ninth the NPC Standing Committee on December 28, 2002. According to the Decision on Amending Some Laws of the Tenth Session of the Eleventh the NPC Standing Committee on August 27, 2009, the the NPC Standing Committee on Amending the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Agriculture The Decision on Industry Law, adopted by the 30th session of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on December 28th, 2012, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of January 1st, 2013. )

　　Hu Jintao, President of People’s Republic of China (PRC)

　　December 28th, 2012

　　Catalogue　

　　Chapter I General Provisions　

　　Chapter II Agricultural Production and Management System　

　　Chapter III Agricultural Production　

　　Chapter IV Circulation and Processing of Agricultural Products　

　　Chapter V Food Security　

　　Chapter VI Agricultural Input and Support Protection　

　　Chapter VII Agricultural Science and Technology and Agricultural Education　

　　Chapter VIII Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Environmental Protection　

　　Chapter IX Protection of Farmers’ Rights and Interests　

　　Chapter X Rural Economic Development　

　　Chapter XI Law Enforcement Supervision　

　　Chapter XII Legal Liability　

　　Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions　

　　Chapter I General Principles　

　　Article 1 This Law is formulated in order to consolidate and strengthen the basic position of agriculture in the national economy, deepen rural reform, develop agricultural productivity, promote agricultural modernization, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations, increase farmers’ income, improve their scientific and cultural quality, promote the sustained, stable and healthy development of agriculture and rural economy, and realize the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　Article 2 The term "agriculture" as mentioned in this Law refers to industries such as planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, including services directly related to them before, during and after delivery.

　　The agricultural production and operation organizations mentioned in this Law refer to rural collective economic organizations, farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations, agricultural enterprises and other organizations engaged in agricultural production and operation.

　　Article 3 The state places agriculture in the first place in developing the national economy.

　　The basic objectives of agricultural and rural economic development are to establish a rural economic system that meets the requirements of developing a socialist market economy, continuously liberate and develop rural productive forces, improve the overall quality and efficiency of agriculture, ensure the supply and quality of agricultural products, meet the needs of national economic development, population growth and improvement of living standards, improve farmers’ income and living standards, promote the transfer of surplus rural labor to non-agricultural industries and towns, narrow urban-rural differences and regional differences, build a rich, democratic and civilized new socialist countryside, and gradually realize agricultural and rural modernization.

　　Article 4 The state shall take measures to ensure that agriculture can play a better role in providing food, industrial raw materials and other agricultural products, maintaining and improving the ecological environment, and promoting rural economic and social development.

　　Article 5 The state adheres to and improves the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay and various forms of ownership develop together, so as to revitalize the rural economy.

　　The state has long stabilized the two-tier management system based on household contract management in rural areas, developed a socialized service system, strengthened the collective economic strength, and guided farmers to take the road of common prosperity.

　　The state adheres to and improves the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting in rural areas.

　　Article 6 The State adheres to the policy of promoting agriculture through science and education and the sustainable development of agriculture.

　　The state takes measures to strengthen the construction of agricultural and rural infrastructure, adjust and optimize the agricultural and rural economic structure, promote the industrialized operation of agriculture, develop agricultural science and technology and education, protect the agricultural ecological environment, promote agricultural mechanization and informatization, and improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.

　　Article 7 The state protects the property and other lawful rights and interests of farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations from infringement.

　　People’s governments at all levels and their relevant departments should take measures to increase farmers’ income and effectively reduce farmers’ burden.

　　Article 8 The whole society should attach great importance to agriculture and support its development.

　　The state rewards units and individuals that have made remarkable achievements in developing agriculture and rural economy.

　　Article 9 People’s governments at all levels shall be uniformly responsible for the development of agriculture and rural economy, and organize relevant departments and the whole society to do a good job in developing agriculture and serving it.

　　The administrative department of agriculture in the State Council is in charge of the national agricultural and rural economic development, while the administrative department of forestry in the State Council and other relevant departments are responsible for the relevant agricultural and rural economic development within their respective functions and duties.

　　The agricultural administrative departments of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the agricultural and rural economic development in their respective administrative areas, such as planting, animal husbandry and fishery, and the forestry administrative departments shall be responsible for the forestry work in their respective administrative areas. Other relevant departments of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall, within the scope of their respective duties, be responsible for the work related to serving agricultural production and operation within their respective administrative areas.

　　Chapter II Agricultural Production and Management System　

　　Article 10 The state practices the contracted management system of rural land, ensures the long-term stability of rural land in contract relationship according to law, and protects farmers’ right to use contracted land.

　　The Land Management Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Rural Land Contract Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall apply to the mode and time limit of contracted management of rural land, the rights and obligations of the employer and the contractor, and the protection and circulation of the contracted management right of land.

　　Rural collective economic organizations shall, on the basis of household contract management, manage collective assets according to law, provide their members with services such as production, technology and information, organize rational development and utilization of collective resources, and strengthen their economic strength.

　　Article 11 The state encourages farmers to voluntarily form various professional cooperative economic organizations on the basis of household contract management.

　　Farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations shall adhere to the purpose of serving their members, and carry out agricultural production, operation and service activities within the scope stipulated in their articles of association according to the principles of voluntary participation, freedom of withdrawal, democratic management and return of surplus.

　　Farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations can take many forms, be established and registered according to law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the property and operational autonomy of farmers’ professional cooperative economic organizations.

　　Twelfth farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations can voluntarily set up various enterprises in accordance with the principle of democratic management, distribution according to work and dividend distribution according to shares.

　　Article 13 The State shall take measures to develop various forms of agricultural industrialized operation, and encourage and support farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to develop integrated operation of production, processing and sales.

　　The state guides and supports enterprises, scientific research units and other organizations engaged in the production, processing and circulation services of agricultural products, and forms a community of interests sharing benefits and risks by concluding contracts with farmers or farmers’ professional cooperative economic organizations or establishing various enterprises, so as to promote agricultural industrialization and promote agricultural development.

　　Article 14 Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations may set up various agricultural product trade associations in accordance with laws and administrative regulations, provide production, marketing, information, technology, training and other services for their members, play a role of coordination and self-discipline, apply for agricultural product trade remedy measures, and safeguard the interests of members and industries.

　　Chapter III Agricultural Production　

　　Fifteenth people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the long-term planning of national economic and social development, the basic objectives of agricultural and rural economic development and the division of agricultural resources, formulate agricultural development plans.

　　The agricultural administrative departments of the people’s governments at or above the provincial level shall, in accordance with the agricultural development plan, take measures to give full play to regional advantages, promote the formation of a reasonable regional layout of agricultural production, and guide and coordinate the adjustment of agricultural and rural economic structures.

　　Article 16 The state guides and supports farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to adjust and optimize the agricultural production structure according to local conditions and market demand, coordinate the development of planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, develop high-quality, high-yield and high-efficiency agriculture, and improve the international competitiveness of agricultural products.

　　The planting industry focuses on optimizing varieties, improving quality and increasing benefits, and adjusts crop structure, variety structure and quality structure.

　　Strengthen forestry ecological construction, implement natural forest protection, returning farmland to forests and sand prevention and control projects, strengthen the construction of shelter forest system, and accelerate the construction of fast-growing and high-yield forests, industrial raw material forests and firewood forests.

　　Strengthen grassland protection and construction, accelerate the development of animal husbandry, promote captive breeding and house feeding, improve livestock and poultry varieties, and actively develop feed industry and livestock and poultry product processing industry.

　　Fishery production should protect and rationally utilize fishery resources, adjust fishing structure, and actively develop aquaculture, offshore fishing and aquatic product processing industry.

　　People’s governments at or above the county level shall formulate policies, arrange funds, and guide and support the adjustment of agricultural structure.

　　Article 17 People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to strengthen the comprehensive agricultural development and the construction of agricultural and rural infrastructure, such as farmland water conservancy, agricultural ecological environment protection, rural roads, rural energy and power grids, storage and circulation of agricultural products, fishing ports, grassland fences, improved animal and plant seed base, etc., improve agricultural production conditions, and protect and enhance the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.

　　Article 18 The state supports the breeding, production and renewal of animal and plant varieties and the popularization and use of improved varieties, encourages the combination of variety breeding with production and management, and implements seed engineering and improved livestock and poultry engineering. The State Council and the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government set up special funds to support the breeding and popularization of improved varieties of animals and plants.

　　Article 19 People’s governments at all levels and agricultural production and operation organizations shall strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy facilities, establish and improve the management system of farmland water conservancy facilities, conserve water, develop water-saving agriculture, strictly control the occupation of irrigation water sources by non-agricultural construction according to law, and prohibit any organization or individual from illegally occupying or damaging farmland water conservancy facilities.

　　The state gives key support to the development of water-saving agriculture in water-deficient areas.

　　Article 20 The State encourages and supports farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to use advanced and applicable agricultural machinery, strengthen the safety management of agricultural machinery and improve the level of agricultural mechanization.

　　The state gives support to farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations in purchasing advanced agricultural machinery.

　　Article 21 People’s governments at all levels shall support the development of meteorological services for agriculture and improve the level of monitoring and forecasting meteorological disasters.

　　Article 22 The state shall take measures to improve the quality of agricultural products, establish and improve the quality standard system and quality inspection and supervision system of agricultural products, organize the production and operation of agricultural products in accordance with relevant technical specifications, operating rules and quality, health and safety standards, and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.

　　Article 23 The State supports the establishment and improvement of a certification and labeling system for high-quality agricultural products according to law.

　　The state encourages and supports the development of high-quality agricultural products. Local people’s governments at or above the county level shall take measures to develop the production of high-quality agricultural products in accordance with local conditions and relevant state regulations.

　　High-quality agricultural products that meet the standards prescribed by the state may apply for the use of relevant signs in accordance with the provisions of laws or administrative regulations. Agricultural products that meet the requirements of the specified origin and production specifications may apply for the use of geographical indications of agricultural products in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws or administrative regulations.

　　Article 24 The state practices and improves the animal and plant epidemic prevention and quarantine system, strengthens the monitoring, early warning and prevention of animal epidemics and plant diseases, insects, weeds and rodents, establishes a rapid extinguishing mechanism for major animal epidemics and plant diseases and insect pests, builds animal epidemic-free areas and implements plant protection projects.

　　Twenty-fifth pesticides, veterinary drugs, feed and feed additives, fertilizers, seeds, agricultural machinery and other agricultural means of production that may endanger the safety of people and livestock shall be registered or licensed in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

　　People’s governments at all levels shall establish and improve the safe use system of agricultural means of production, and farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations shall not use agricultural means of production such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, feed additives and other prohibited products that have been explicitly eliminated and prohibited by the state.

　　Producers and sellers of agricultural means of production shall be responsible for the quality of the products they produce and sell, and it is forbidden to shoddy, fake and genuine, and pass unqualified products off as qualified products; It is forbidden to produce and sell agricultural means of production such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, feed additives and agricultural machinery that have been explicitly eliminated by the state.

　　Chapter IV Circulation and Processing of Agricultural Products　

　　Article 26 The purchase and sale of agricultural products shall be regulated by the market. The state implements necessary macro-control over the purchase and sale of important agricultural products related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, establishes a central and local grading reserve adjustment system, and improves the warehousing and transportation system to ensure supply and stabilize the market.

　　Article 27 The State shall gradually establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly market system for agricultural products and formulate a development plan for the wholesale market of agricultural products. The state gives support to rural collective economic organizations and farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations in establishing wholesale markets and bazaars for agricultural products.

　　The administrative departments for industry and commerce of the people’s governments at or above the county level and other relevant departments shall, according to their respective functions and duties, manage the wholesale market of agricultural products according to law, standardize the trading order and prevent local protection and unfair competition.

　　Article 28 The State encourages and supports the development of various forms of agricultural product circulation activities. Support farmers and farmers’ professional cooperative economic organizations to engage in agricultural products acquisition, wholesale, storage, transportation, retail and intermediary activities in accordance with relevant state regulations. Encourage supply and marketing cooperatives and other agricultural production and operation organizations engaged in the purchase and sale of agricultural products to provide market information, open up circulation channels of agricultural products and serve the sales of agricultural products.

　　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall take measures to urge the relevant departments to ensure the smooth transportation of agricultural products and reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products. The relevant administrative departments shall simplify the procedures to facilitate the transportation of fresh agricultural products, and shall not detain the means of transportation of fresh agricultural products unless otherwise stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

　　Article 29 The State supports the development of agricultural product processing industry and food industry, and increases the added value of agricultural products. People’s governments at or above the county level shall formulate development plans for agricultural product processing industry and food industry, guide agricultural product processing enterprises to form a reasonable regional layout and scale structure, and support farmers’ professional cooperative economic organizations and township enterprises to engage in agricultural product processing and comprehensive development and utilization.

　　The state establishes and improves the quality standards of processed agricultural products, improves the detection methods, strengthens the quality and safety management and supervision during the processing of agricultural products, and ensures food safety.

　　Article 30 The State encourages the development of import and export trade of agricultural products.

　　The state adopts measures such as strengthening international market research and providing information and marketing services to promote the export of agricultural products.

　　In order to maintain the production and marketing order of agricultural products and fair trade, and establish an early warning system for agricultural products import, the state may take necessary measures when some imported agricultural products have caused or may cause significant adverse effects on the production of domestic related agricultural products.

　　Chapter V Food Security　

　　Article 31 The State shall take measures to protect and improve the comprehensive grain production capacity, steadily raise the level of grain production and ensure food security.

　　The state establishes a farmland protection system and gives special protection to basic farmland according to law.

　　Article 32 The state shall give key support to major grain producing areas in terms of policies, funds and technology, build a stable commodity grain production base, improve grain storage and processing facilities, and improve grain production, processing level and economic benefits in major grain producing areas.

　　The state supports the establishment of a stable cooperative relationship between the main grain producing areas and the main selling areas.

　　Article 33 When the market price of grain is too low, the State Council may decide to implement the protective price system for some grain varieties. The protective price should be determined according to the principle of protecting farmers’ interests and stabilizing grain production.

　　Farmers sell grain according to the protective price system, and the purchasing units entrusted by the state shall not refuse to accept it.

　　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall organize financial and monetary departments and purchasing units entrusted by the state to raise enough funds for grain purchase in time, and no department, unit or individual may intercept or misappropriate them.

　　Article 34 The State establishes an early warning system for food safety and takes measures to ensure food supply. The State Council should set the goal of food security and the quantitative index of grain reserves, and organize the relevant competent departments to check the situation of cultivated land and grain stocks according to the needs.

　　The state implements a central and local grading reserve regulation system for grain and builds a storage and transportation system. Enterprises undertaking the task of national grain reserves shall ensure the quantity and quality of grain reserves in accordance with state regulations.

　　Article 35 The State establishes a grain risk fund to support grain reserves, stabilize the grain market and protect farmers’ interests.

　　Article 36 The state advocates cherishing and saving food and takes measures to improve the people’s food nutrition structure.

　　Chapter VI Agricultural Input and Support Protection　

　　Article 37 The state establishes and improves the agricultural support and protection system, and adopts measures such as financial investment, tax incentives and financial support to support farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to develop agricultural production and raise farmers’ income level in terms of capital investment, scientific research and technology popularization, education and training, supply of agricultural means of production, market information, quality standards, inspection and quarantine, socialized services and disaster relief.

　　Under the condition that it does not conflict with the relevant international treaties concluded or acceded to by China, the state shall implement the income support policy for farmers, and the specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 38 The State shall gradually raise the overall level of agricultural input. The annual growth rate of the central and local governments at or above the county level’s total investment in agriculture should be higher than the growth rate of their recurrent fiscal revenue.

　　The funds for agriculture arranged by the people’s governments at all levels in the fiscal budget should be mainly used for: strengthening the construction of agricultural infrastructure; Support the adjustment of agricultural structure and promote the industrialized management of agriculture; Protect the comprehensive grain production capacity and ensure the national food security; Improve the system of animal and plant quarantine and epidemic prevention, and strengthen the prevention and control of animal diseases and plant diseases, insects, weeds and rodents; Establish and improve the quality standards of agricultural products, inspection and supervision system, agricultural products market and information service system; Support agricultural scientific research and education, agricultural technology popularization and farmers’ training; Strengthen the construction of agricultural ecological environment protection; Support the development of poverty-stricken areas; Guarantee the income level of farmers.

　　The financial investment in agricultural capital construction for planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and irrigation and water conservancy at or above the county level shall be co-ordinated and coordinated.

　　In order to speed up the development of the western region, the state has increased its investment in agricultural development and ecological environment protection in the western region.

　　Thirty-ninth people’s governments at or above the county level shall allocate all funds for agriculture in the annual budget in a timely and full manner. People’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the supervision and management of the allocation and use of various agricultural funds in the country, ensure the safety of funds and improve the efficiency of the use of funds.

　　No unit or individual may intercept or misappropriate financial funds and credit funds for agriculture. Audit institutions shall strengthen audit supervision of financial and credit funds used for agriculture according to law.

　　Article 40 The state encourages and guides farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to increase investment in agricultural production and operation and capital construction such as small-scale farmland water conservancy by means of taxation, price and credit.

　　The state encourages and supports farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to raise agricultural funds in various forms according to law on a voluntary basis.

　　Article 41 The State encourages social funds to be invested in agriculture, and encourages enterprises, institutions, social organizations and individuals to contribute to the establishment of various agricultural construction and agricultural science, technology and education funds.

　　The state takes measures to promote agriculture to expand the use of foreign capital.

　　Forty-second people’s governments at all levels should encourage and support enterprises, institutions and other economic organizations to carry out agricultural information services.

　　The administrative department of agriculture of the people’s government at or above the county level and other relevant departments shall establish a system for collecting, sorting and publishing agricultural information, and provide market information and other services to farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations in a timely manner.

　　Article 43 The State encourages and supports the development of agro-industries.

　　The state encourages and supports the production and trade of agricultural means of production by means of taxation and credit, and provides material guarantee for the steady growth of agricultural production.

　　The state adopts macro-control measures to maintain a reasonable price comparison between major agricultural means of production and agricultural products such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, agricultural machinery and agricultural diesel oil.

　　Article 44 The State encourages supply and marketing cooperatives, rural collective economic organizations, farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations, other organizations and individuals to develop various forms of socialized services before, during and after agricultural production. The people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall take measures to support the socialized agricultural services.

　　The relevant departments of agriculture, industry and commerce management, transportation, public security and so on shall take measures to support those who engage in agricultural socialization services across regions.

　　Article 45 The State shall establish and improve the rural financial system, strengthen the construction of rural credit system and strengthen rural financial supervision.

　　Relevant financial institutions should take measures to increase credit input, improve rural financial services, and provide credit support for agricultural production and operation activities of farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations.

　　Rural credit cooperatives should adhere to the purpose of serving agriculture, farmers and rural economic development, and give priority to providing credit services for the production and business activities of local farmers.

　　The state encourages financial institutions to provide loans to farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations for agricultural production and operation activities through measures such as interest subsidies.

　　Article 46 The State establishes and improves the agricultural insurance system.

　　The state gradually establishes and improves the policy-based agricultural insurance system. Encourage and support farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to establish mutual assistance and cooperative insurance organizations to serve agricultural production and operation activities, and encourage commercial insurance companies to carry out agricultural insurance business.

　　Agricultural insurance is voluntary. No organization or individual may force farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to participate in agricultural insurance.

　　Article 47 People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to improve the ability of agriculture to defend against natural disasters, do a good job in disaster prevention, resilience and relief, help the victims to resume production, organize self-help in production, and carry out social mutual assistance; Give relief and support to the victims who have no basic living guarantee.

　　Chapter VII Agricultural Science and Technology and Agricultural Education　

　　Article 48 the State Council and the people’s governments at the provincial level shall formulate development plans for agricultural science, technology and education, and develop agricultural science, technology and education.

　　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall gradually increase the funds for agricultural science and technology and agricultural education in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　The state encourages and attracts enterprises and other social forces to increase investment in agricultural science and technology, and encourages farmers, agricultural production and operation organizations, enterprises and institutions to hold agricultural science and technology and education undertakings according to law.

　　Article 49 The State protects intellectual property rights such as new plant varieties and geographical indications of agricultural products, encourages and guides agricultural scientific research and educational institutions to strengthen basic research and applied research of agricultural science and technology, spreads and popularizes agricultural scientific and technological knowledge, accelerates the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and promotes the progress of agricultural science and technology.

　　The relevant departments of the State Council shall organize scientific and technological research on major key agricultural technologies. The state takes measures to promote international cooperation and exchanges in agricultural science, technology and education, and encourages the introduction of foreign advanced technologies.

　　Article 50 The state supports the cause of agro-technical popularization, and establishes an agro-technical popularization system that combines government support with market guidance, paid and unpaid services, and national agro-technical popularization institutions and social forces, so as to promote the application of advanced agricultural technologies to agricultural production as soon as possible.

　　Article 51 Agricultural technology popularization institutions established by the state should rely on agricultural technology experimental demonstration bases, undertake public welfare responsibilities such as popularization and demonstration of key technologies needed by the public, and provide free agricultural technology services for farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations.

　　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall, according to the needs of the development of agricultural production, stabilize and strengthen the ranks of agricultural technology popularization, and ensure the working funds of agricultural technology popularization institutions.

　　People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to ensure and improve the working conditions, wages and living conditions of professional scientific and technical personnel engaged in agricultural technology popularization in accordance with state regulations, and encourage them to serve agriculture.

　　Article 52 Agricultural scientific research units, relevant schools, farmers’ professional cooperatives, agriculture-related enterprises, mass scientific and technological organizations and relevant scientific and technological personnel may provide free services according to the needs of farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations, or provide paid services in the form of technology transfer, technical services, technical contracting, technical consultation and technology shareholding, so as to obtain legal benefits. Agricultural scientific research units, relevant schools, farmers’ professional cooperatives, agriculture-related enterprises, mass scientific and technological organizations and relevant scientific and technological personnel should improve their service level and ensure the quality of service.

　　The state gives preferential treatment in taxation, credit and other aspects to enterprises serving agriculture organized by agricultural scientific research units, relevant schools and agricultural technology popularization institutions.

　　The state encourages and supports farmers, supply and marketing cooperatives, other enterprises and institutions to participate in agricultural technology popularization.

　　Article 53 The State establishes a system of continuing education for agricultural professionals and technicians. The administrative department of agriculture of the people’s government at or above the county level shall, jointly with the relevant departments of education and personnel, formulate the continuing education plan for agricultural professional and technical personnel and organize its implementation.

　　Article 54 The state implements compulsory education in rural areas according to law and guarantees the funds for compulsory education. The salaries of teachers and staff in ordinary primary and secondary schools run by the state in rural areas are uniformly paid by the people’s governments at the county level in accordance with state regulations, and the funds for the construction and maintenance of teaching facilities such as school buildings are uniformly arranged by the people’s governments at the county level in accordance with state regulations.

　　Article 55 The state develops agricultural vocational education. The relevant departments of the State Council carry out the job classification and job skill appraisal of the agricultural industry in accordance with the unified provisions of the national vocational qualification certificate system, and manage the vocational qualification certificate of the agricultural industry.

　　Article 56 The state shall take measures to encourage farmers to adopt advanced agricultural techniques, support farmers to set up various scientific and technological organizations, and carry out practical agricultural technical training, farmers’ green certificate training and other employment training, so as to improve farmers’ cultural and technical quality.

　　Chapter VIII Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Environmental Protection　

　　Article 57 To develop agriculture and rural economy, we must rationally utilize and protect natural resources such as land, water, forests, grasslands, wild animals and plants, rationally develop and utilize renewable energy sources such as hydropower, biogas, solar energy and wind energy, develop ecological agriculture and protect and improve the ecological environment.

　　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall formulate the zoning of agricultural resources or the rational utilization and protection of agricultural resources, and establish a monitoring system for agricultural resources.

　　Article 58 Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations shall maintain cultivated land, rationally use chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films, increase the use of organic fertilizers, adopt advanced technologies, protect and improve soil fertility, and prevent the pollution and destruction of agricultural land and the decline of soil fertility.

　　The administrative department of agriculture of the people’s government at or above the county level shall take measures to support farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to strengthen the construction of cultivated land quality and regularly monitor the quality of cultivated land.

　　Article 59 People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to strengthen the comprehensive management of small watersheds and prevent and control soil erosion. Units and individuals engaged in production and construction activities that may cause soil erosion must take preventive measures and be responsible for controlling soil erosion caused by production and construction activities.

　　People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to prevent land desertification and control desertified land. The local people’s governments at or above the county level in the State Council and areas where desertified land is located shall, in accordance with the law, formulate plans for sand prevention and control, and organize their implementation.

　　Article 60 The state practices the system of voluntary tree planting for the whole people. People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to organize the masses to plant trees, protect forest land and trees, prevent forest fires, prevent forest diseases and insect pests, stop deforestation and illegal logging, and improve forest coverage.

　　The state implements a system of banning or restricting logging in natural forest protection areas and strengthens afforestation and forest protection.

　　Article 61 The local people’s governments concerned shall strengthen the protection, construction and management of grasslands, guide and organize farmers (pastoralists) and agricultural (pastoralist) production and operation organizations to build artificial grasslands, forage forage base and improve natural grasslands, adopt grass as livestock, control livestock carrying capacity, implement the system of rotational grazing, grazing suspension and grazing prohibition, protect grassland vegetation and prevent grassland degradation, desertification and salinization.

　　Article 62 It is forbidden to destroy forests and grass for reclamation, to burn mountains for reclamation and to reclaim steep slopes prohibited by the state. Those that have been reclaimed should gradually return farmland to forests and grasslands.

　　Reclamation of lakes and wetlands prohibited by the state is prohibited. Those who have reclaimed land should gradually return farmland to lakes and wetlands.

　　Farmers who implement returning farmland within the approved planning scope of the State Council shall be subsidized according to the provisions of the state.

　　Article 63 People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to implement the fishing quota and the system of fishing ban and fishing moratorium according to law, so as to increase fishery resources and protect the ecological environment of fishery waters.

　　The state guides and supports farmers (fishermen) and their production and operation organizations engaged in fishing to engage in aquaculture or other occupations, and shall subsidize farmers (fishermen) who change jobs according to the unified planning of the local people’s government in accordance with state regulations.

　　Article 64 The State establishes a system for the protection of biological species resources related to agricultural production, protects biodiversity, and puts emphasis on the protection of rare, endangered and precious biological resources and their original places. The introduction of biological species resources from abroad shall be registered or approved according to law, and corresponding safety control measures shall be taken.

　　The research, testing, production, processing, management and other applications of agricultural genetically modified organisms must strictly implement various safety control measures in accordance with state regulations.

　　Article 65 Agricultural administrative departments at all levels shall guide farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to take biological measures or use pesticides and veterinary drugs with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue to prevent and control animal and plant diseases, insects, weeds and rodents.

　　Straw and other surplus materials after agricultural products are harvested should be comprehensively utilized and properly disposed to prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage.

　　Units and individuals engaged in large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry shall carry out harmless treatment or comprehensive utilization of feces, wastewater and other wastes, and units and individuals engaged in aquaculture shall reasonably feed, fertilize and use drugs to prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage.

　　Article 66 The people’s governments at or above the county level shall take measures to urge the relevant units to control and prevent the pollution of agricultural ecological environment by waste water, waste gas and solid waste. If the discharge of waste water, waste gas and solid waste causes agricultural ecological environment pollution accidents, the competent administrative department of environmental protection or the competent administrative department of agriculture shall investigate and deal with them according to law; If losses are caused to farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations, the responsible persons concerned shall compensate according to law.

　　Chapter IX Protection of Farmers’ Rights and Interests　

　　Article 67 Any organ or unit must collect administrative and institutional fees from farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. The items, scope and standards of fees shall be announced. Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations have the right to refuse fees that are not based on laws and regulations.

　　Any organ or unit that fines farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations must be in accordance with the provisions of laws, regulations and rules. Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations have the right to refuse fines that are not based on laws, regulations and rules.

　　No organ or unit may apportion the expenses to farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations in any way. Unless otherwise provided by laws and regulations, any organ or unit that requests farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations to provide manpower, financial resources and material resources in any way belongs to apportionment. Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations have the right to refuse any form of apportionment.

　　Article 68 People’s governments at all levels and their relevant departments and subordinate units shall not raise funds from farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations in any way.

　　Without the basis of laws and regulations or the approval of the State Council, no organ or unit may carry out any form of compliance, upgrading and acceptance activities in rural areas.

　　Article 69 Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations shall bear the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. Tax authorities and tax withholding and collecting units shall collect taxes according to law, and shall not apportion taxes illegally or collect taxes by other illegal methods.

　　Seventieth rural compulsory education in addition to the fees charged according to the provisions of the State Council, shall not charge other fees to farmers and students. It is forbidden for any organ or unit to charge farmers through rural primary and secondary schools.

　　Article 71 When the state expropriates land collectively owned by peasants according to law, it shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of peasants and rural collective economic organizations and give them compensation for land expropriation according to law. No unit or individual may intercept or misappropriate the compensation fee for land expropriation.

　　Article 72 People’s governments at all levels, rural collective economic organizations or villagers’ committees shall not infringe upon farmers’ land contractual management rights, interfere with production and management projects independently arranged by farmers, or force farmers to buy designated means of production or sell agricultural products through designated channels in the process of agricultural and rural economic restructuring, agricultural industrialization and transfer of land contractual management rights.

　　Article 73 If a rural collective economic organization or a villagers’ committee needs to raise funds and labor from its members (villagers) for the development of production or the establishment of public welfare undertakings, it shall be approved by more than half of the members’ (villagers’) meeting or the members’ (villagers’) representative meeting before it can be carried out.

　　Rural collective economic organizations or villagers’ committees that raise funds and raise labor in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not exceed the upper limit control standards set by the people’s governments at or above the provincial level, and it is forbidden to force capital to do it for them.

　　Rural collective economic organizations and villagers’ committees shall disclose important matters concerning farmers’ interests, publish their financial accounts regularly and accept their supervision.

　　Article 74 Any unit or individual that provides paid services such as production, technology, information, culture and insurance to farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations must adhere to the principle of voluntariness and may not force farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations to accept services.

　　Article 75 When purchasing agricultural products, an agricultural product purchasing unit shall not keep prices down, nor shall it withhold any fees from the paid price. Where laws and administrative regulations provide for withholding and collecting taxes, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.

　　If there is a dispute between the purchasing unit of agricultural products and the seller of agricultural products due to the quality grade of agricultural products, they may entrust an agricultural product quality inspection institution with legal qualifications for inspection.

　　Article 76 If a user of agricultural means of production suffers losses due to the quality problems of the means of production, the operator who sells the means of production shall make compensation, including the purchase price, relevant expenses and loss of available benefits.

　　Article 77 In order to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations have the right to report the situation to the people’s governments at all levels and their relevant departments and make legitimate demands. The people’s governments and their relevant departments shall give timely answers to the reasonable demands made by farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations in accordance with state regulations.

　　Article 78 Where a violation of the law violates the rights and interests of farmers, farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring a lawsuit to the people’s court according to law, and the relevant people’s government and its relevant departments or the people’s court shall accept it according to law.

　　The people’s courts and judicial administrative authorities shall provide legal aid to farmers in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　Chapter X Rural Economic Development　

　　Article 79 The state adheres to the principle of coordinated development between urban and rural areas, supports the development of secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas, adjusts and optimizes the rural economic structure, increases farmers’ income, promotes the all-round development of rural economy and gradually narrows the gap between urban and rural areas.

　　Article 80 People’s governments at all levels shall take measures to develop township enterprises, support the development of agriculture and transfer surplus agricultural labor.

　　The State shall improve the supporting measures for the development of township enterprises and guide them to optimize their structure, update their technology and improve their quality.

　　Article 81 The local people’s governments at or above the county level shall, according to the local economic development level, location advantages and resource conditions, and in accordance with the principles of rational layout, scientific planning and land conservation, focus on promoting the construction of small towns in rural areas.

　　Local people’s governments at all levels should pay attention to the use of market mechanisms, improve corresponding policies, attract farmers and social funds to invest in the development and construction of small towns, develop secondary and tertiary industries, and guide the relatively centralized development of township enterprises.

　　Article 82 The state shall take measures to guide the rural surplus labor force to flow in a reasonable and orderly way between urban and rural areas and regions. Local people’s governments at all levels shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of rural laborers entering urban employment according to law, and shall not set unreasonable restrictions, and those that have been set shall be cancelled.

　　Article 83 The state gradually improves the rural social relief system to ensure the basic livelihood of rural five-guarantee households, poor disabled farmers, poor elderly farmers and other farmers who have lost their ability to work.

　　Article 84 The state encourages and supports farmers to consolidate and develop rural cooperative medical care and other forms of medical security, so as to improve farmers’ health.

　　Article 85 The state assists poor areas to improve the conditions for economic development and helps them to carry out economic development. The people’s governments at the provincial level shall, according to the overall objectives and requirements of the state on supporting poverty-stricken areas, formulate poverty alleviation and development plans and organize their implementation.

　　People’s governments at all levels should adhere to the development-oriented poverty alleviation policy, organize farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations in poverty-stricken areas to rationally use poverty alleviation funds, change poverty and backwardness by relying on their own strength, and guide farmers in poverty-stricken areas to adjust their economic structure and develop local resources. Poverty alleviation and development should adhere to the combination of resource protection and ecological construction, and promote the coordinated development and overall progress of economy and society in poverty-stricken areas.

　　Article 86 The central and provincial governments should include the investment in poverty alleviation and development in the annual financial budget, and increase it year by year, and increase the financial transfer payment and construction capital investment in poverty-stricken areas.

　　The state encourages and supports financial institutions, other enterprises, institutions and individuals to invest funds to support the development and construction of poverty-stricken areas.

　　It is forbidden for any unit or individual to intercept or misappropriate poverty alleviation funds. Audit institutions should strengthen the audit supervision of poverty alleviation funds.

　　Chapter XI Law Enforcement Supervision　

　　Article 87 People’s governments at or above the county level shall take measures to gradually improve the agricultural administrative management system that meets the requirements of the development of the socialist market economy.

　　The agricultural administrative departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level and the relevant administrative departments shall strengthen their responsibilities of planning, guidance, management, coordination, supervision and service, administer according to law and enforce the law impartially.

　　Agricultural administrative departments of local people’s governments at or above the county level shall improve the administrative law enforcement team within the scope of their duties, implement comprehensive law enforcement, and improve the efficiency and level of law enforcement.

　　Eighty-eighth agricultural administrative departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level and their law enforcement officers have the right to take the following measures when performing their duties of law enforcement supervision and inspection:

　　(a) require the inspected units or individuals to explain the situation and provide relevant documents, licenses and materials;

　　(2) Ordering the units or individuals under inspection to stop their acts in violation of this Law and perform their legal obligations.

　　Agricultural administrative law enforcement personnel shall, when performing their duties of supervision and inspection, show their administrative law enforcement certificates to the inspected units or individuals and abide by the law enforcement procedures. The relevant units or individuals shall cooperate with agricultural administrative law enforcement personnel to perform their duties according to law, and shall not refuse or hinder them.

　　Eighty-ninth agricultural administrative departments and agricultural production and business units must be completely separated in institutions, personnel and finance. Agricultural administrative departments and their staff shall not participate in and engage in agricultural production and business activities.

　　Chapter XII Legal Liability　

　　Article 90 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, infringes upon farmers’ and agricultural production and operation organizations’ land contractual management rights and other property rights or other legitimate rights and interests shall stop the infringement and restore the original state; If losses or damages are caused, they shall be liable for compensation according to law.

　　State functionaries who infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations by taking advantage of their positions or in other names shall compensate for the losses, and shall be given administrative sanctions by their units or the competent authorities at higher levels.

　　Article 91 Whoever violates the provisions of Articles 19, 25, 62 and 71 of this Law shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws or administrative regulations.

　　Article 92 In case of any of the following acts, the competent authority at a higher level shall order it to return the withheld or misappropriated funds within a time limit, confiscate the illegal income, and the competent authority at a higher level or the unit to which it belongs shall give administrative sanctions to the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel; If the case constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law:

　　(a) in violation of the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 33 of this law, interception and misappropriation of grain purchase funds;

　　(two) in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 39 of this law, interception and misappropriation of financial funds and credit funds for agriculture;

　　(three) in violation of the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 86 of this law, interception and misappropriation of poverty alleviation funds.

　　Article 93 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 67 of this Law, illegally collects fees, fines or apportions from farmers or agricultural production and operation organizations shall be stopped by the competent authority at a higher level and announced; If money has been collected or manpower and material resources have been used, the competent authority at a higher level shall order it to return the money already collected within a time limit or the used manpower and material resources at a discount, and the competent authority at a higher level or the unit to which it belongs shall give administrative sanctions to the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel; If the circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

　　Article 94 In case of any of the following acts, the competent authority at a higher level shall order it to stop the illegal act, impose administrative sanctions on the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel, and order it to return the illegally collected fund-raising, taxes or fees:

　　(a) in violation of the provisions of Article 68 of this law, illegal fund-raising, reaching standards, upgrading and acceptance activities in rural areas;

　　(2) In violation of the provisions of Article 69 of this Law, collecting taxes from farmers by illegal means;

　　(three) in violation of the provisions of article seventieth of this law, through rural primary and secondary schools to farmers in excess of the project fees.

　　Article 95 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 73 of this Law, forces farmers to do their work with capital shall be ordered by the township (town) people’s government to make corrections and return the illegally collected funds.

　　Article 96 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 74 of this Law, forces farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations to accept paid services shall be ordered by the relevant people’s government to make corrections and return the illegally collected fees; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions; If losses are caused to farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations, they shall be liable for compensation according to law.

　　Article 97 Any staff member of the agricultural administrative department of the people’s government at or above the county level who participates in and engages in agricultural production and operation activities in violation of the provisions of this Law shall be given administrative sanctions according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

　　Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions　

　　Article 98 The provisions of this Law concerning farmers shall apply to the employees of state-owned farms, pastures, forest farms, fishing grounds and other enterprises and institutions engaged in contracted management.

　　Article 99 This Law shall come into force as of March 1, 2003.