Team Xiang Ye of Medical College made a breakthrough in the research of African swine fever virus.

Li Pilong’s research group of School of Life and Li Haitao’s research group of Medical College cooperated to report the new mechanism of histone modification regulating chromatin compartmentalization by promoting phase separation.

The Engineering Laboratory of Medical College reported the key factors regulating the spread of dengue virus and put forward a new anti-dengue blocking strategy.

The research group of Li Yue, Department of Electronics, issued a report on the realization of near-zero exponential concept devices by dielectric integrated optical doping.

Fang Xianyang’s research group of School of Life has made new progress in the solution structure study of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus.

Zhu Junming and Xue Lan of the School of Public Administration jointly published a document to reveal the impact of China’s carbon emission trading policy on low-carbon innovation.

Zhong Yi’s research group of School of Life reveals the downstream molecular mechanism of active forgetting of different memory components.

Xiao Bailong from the School of Pharmacy and Li Xueming from the School of Life jointly published a paper in Nature.

Reveal the delicate molecular machines structure and mechanism that mediates human tactile perception.

Team Xiang Ye of Tsinghua Medical College has made a breakthrough in the research of African swine fever virus.

On September 17th, a team led by Xiang Ye, an associate professor hired by Tsinghua University Medical Dean and a researcher at Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, published an academic paper entitled "Structure of the African Swine fever virus major capsid protein p72" online in Cell Research. In this study, the high-resolution structure of African classical swine fever virus capsid protein p72 was analyzed for the first time by the method of three-dimensional reconstruction of single particle by cryoelectron microscope, and the possible assembly mechanism of African classical swine fever virus capsid was revealed, which laid a solid foundation for the development of African classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine.

African swine fever virus originated in Africa, and the mortality rate of domestic pig infection is nearly 100%, which is a great threat to domestic pig breeding industry and even people’s livelihood and economy. African swine fever virus has spread rapidly from Africa to Europe, South America and some parts of Asia in the past few decades. In August 2018, African swine fever virus infection was found in northeast China, and soon the virus spread to most parts of the country, causing economic losses of more than 100 billion yuan. At present, it is urgent to develop effective vaccines and epidemic prevention measures to control and prevent African swine fever virus. In response to the urgent needs of the country, Tsinghua University Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure took the lead, and more than a dozen research groups from Peking University, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Pasteur Institute and other units began to tackle key problems of African swine fever virus in April this year.

▲ Structure of African classical swine fever virus: a. Simulate the capsid structure of African classical swine fever virus produced by virus assembly according to the capsid protein p72 structure of African classical swine fever virus; B freeze electron microscopic structure of African classical swine fever virus capsid protein p72 trimer.

African swine fever virus is a double-stranded DNA virus with complex structure. Its genome is protected by two capsids and two outer membranes. The capsids are mainly composed of virus coding protein p72. According to previous experimental data, p72 accounts for about 33% of the total weight of virus particles, and p72 is the main antigen that can be detected in the blood of infected pigs. At the initial stage of studying p72 protein, Xiang Ye’s research group found that p72 protein with correct folding conformation could not be obtained by recombinant expression of p72 protein alone, and only when p72 was co-expressed with another helper protein B602L encoded by African swine fever, could the p72 protein with correct folding conformation be obtained. On this premise, the research team determined the high-resolution 3-D structure of p72 protein of 2.67 angstrom (above) by using the method of single particle 3-D reconstruction with cryoelectron microscope. The results showed that three p72 molecules formed a stable trimer form. Each p72 contains two pancake-like domains connected in series, and each domain consists of eight β-folded sheets, which is very common in the capsid protein structure of icosahedral virus. The six cake-like structures of trimer p72 together form a pseudo-hexamer whose bottom is anchored on the inner membrane of the virus. The inserted fragments between trimer p72 folded sheets together form a propeller-like top structure that extends out of the virus, which is most likely the receptor binding area on the cell surface.

There have been many attempts to study subunit vaccines based on p72 protein of African classical swine fever virus, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. The failure of previous studies is probably due to the failure to use the correctly folded p72 protein. Obtaining the correctly folded p72 protein and determining its high-resolution structure are helpful to develop drugs targeting virus capsid assembly and subunit vaccines. At present, the research and development and evaluation of p72 subunit vaccine are being closely carried out by Tsinghua University and Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Associate Professor Xiang Ye is the correspondent of this article. Liu Qi, a 2014 Ph.D. student from Tsinghua University Life Union Center, is the first author of this paper. Ma Bingting, a 2015 Ph.D. student from Xiangye Laboratory, Associate Professor Tan Xu from Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy and their laboratory members Qian Nianchao and Zhang Fan, and Professor Lei Jianlin, director of the cryo-electron microscope platform of Tsinghua University Life College, participated in this work.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-019-0232-x

Li Pilong’s research group of Tsinghua Life College cooperated with Li Haitao’s research group of Medical College to report the new mechanism of histone modification regulating chromatin compartmentalization by promoting phase separation.

On September 16th, Li Pilong’s research group of Tsinghua University Life College cooperated with Li Haitao’s research group of Tsinghua University Medical College. An academic article entitled "Histone modifications regulate chromatin compartmentalization by contributing to a phase separation mechanism" was published in Molecular Cell.

Eukaryotic cells use many membrane-bound organelles to distinguish biochemical reactions in order to better regulate space and time. For example, their genomes are enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle, namely the nucleus, in order to better control the genetic information flow. In the nucleus, the genome is further regulated to form many compartments or regions, which play an important role in regulating gene expression. Judging from some of their characteristics, these dynamic solid compartments are similar to membraneless organelles. Many protein that play a role in chromatin compartmentalization have the inherent ability of liquid-liquid separation, such as human heterochromatin protein HP1α and Drosophila heterochromatin protein HP1a. Based on these observations, it has been suggested that chromatin compartmentalization is formed by liquid-liquid separation. However, the previous studies can’t explain why the other two homologous proteins, HP1β and HP1γ, of human heterochromatin protein HP1α, which can’t be separated by themselves or from DNA, perform similar functions, and whether the formation of constitutive heterochromatin is regulated by the liquid-liquid separation mechanism formed by multivalent interaction between multivalent HP1 protein complex and multivalent histone H3K9 trimethyl (H3K9me3).

▲ Liquid-liquid separation mediated by multivalent interaction between H3K9me3 on nucleosome string and CD of HP1 complex promotes the formation of heterochromatin compartments.

In this work, Li Pilong and Li Haitao’s research group cooperated to prove that in vitro, the modification of histone H3K9 trimethyl (H3K9me3) and the multivalent interaction of recognizing its modified HP1 chromatin domain Chromodomain(CD) can lead to the formation of heterochromatin. The authors used two polyvalent HP1-CD complexes, the key chromatin fragment (NE) extracted from human nucleus and the nucleosome string (NA) modified by H3K9me3 in vitro as experimental systems. Several evidences show that the formation of these droplets is mediated by liquid-liquid separation. The resulting droplets are reminiscent of the dynamic behavior of heterochromatin and its response to biochemical regulation and mutant phenotype. The author concludes that the liquid-liquid separation driven by multivalent H3K9me3/CD interaction is the key force for the formation of heterochromatin in cells. To sum up, this study proposed a general mechanism of histone labeling regulating chromosome compartmentalization by promoting liquid-liquid separation.

Li Pilong and Li Haitao are co-authors of this article. Wang Liang, a 2015 Ph.D. student from Tsinghua University Life College, Gao Yifei, a 2016 Ph.D. student from Medical College, and Zheng Xiangdong, a postdoctoral fellow from Medical College, are the co-first authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(19)30658-6

Cheng Gong Laboratory of Tsinghua Medical College reported the key factors regulating the spread of dengue virus and proposed a new anti-dengue blocking strategy.

On September 16th, Professor Cheng Gong from Tsinghua University Medical College published an academic paper entitled "Host serum iron modulations of dengue virus acquisition by mosquitoes" (doi: 10.1038/S41564-019-0555-) in Nature Microbiology. This study found for the first time that the iron content in human serum is the key factor to regulate the transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes, and put forward an anti-dengue transmission blocking strategy based on iron supplementation.

Dengue fever is one of the most widespread viral infectious diseases in the world. Dengue virus is carried by mosquitoes and spread to people. At present, dengue fever has been prevalent in more than 100 countries and regions around the world. According to the estimation of the World Health Organization, about 2.5 billion people in the world live in areas threatened by dengue infection, 390 million people are infected or repeatedly infected with dengue virus every year, and 500-1 million people are hospitalized. Dengue fever has become the largest insect-borne viral infectious disease in the world. In recent 20 years, the epidemic trend of dengue fever in the world has intensified, which has become a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the primary vectors of dengue virus transmission in nature. This kind of mosquitoes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but the epidemic trend of dengue fever is not completely consistent with the distribution of mosquitoes, and there are obvious population and regional differences in dengue fever. Identifying the key factors affecting the spread of dengue virus is a key scientific problem to be answered in this field.

Mosquitoes can acquire viruses from infected hosts by sucking blood. Within a few days after mosquitoes suck blood, the infected person’s blood is quickly digested. At the same time, the virus in the blood infects the intestinal epithelial cells of mosquitoes and spreads into the body cavity of mosquitoes, so that mosquitoes have the ability to spread viruses. The above two processes are highly coincident in time, so researchers speculate that host blood factors or blood metabolites can regulate the process of virus infection in mosquitoes, and ultimately determine the vector efficiency of mosquitoes carrying and spreading viruses. Through a series of screening, it was found for the first time that the iron ion content in the host serum was highly negatively correlated with the ability of mosquitoes to acquire virus by blood-sucking, and it was proved that the iron ion concentration in the serum was the key negative regulatory factor to inhibit mosquitoes from acquiring virus infection. The results of further research show that iron ions in serum can be directly utilized by the iron metabolism system of intestinal cells after entering the intestinal tract of mosquitoes, which inhibits the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in cells, leading to a significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal tract of mosquitoes, and finally inhibits the infection and amplification of viruses in mosquitoes (Figure 1).

▲ Figure 1. Host serum iron ions can increase the level of reactive oxygen species in the intestinal tract of mosquitoes and inhibit the infection of dengue virus in mosquitoes by inhibiting the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in intestinal cells.

Iron deficiency is a nutritional problem widely existing in nature. According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency is widely distributed in Africa, South America, Southeast Asia and other regions. By comparison, it can be found that the distribution area of iron deficiency is highly coincident with the epidemic area of dengue fever, so the researchers speculate that the iron deficiency state of the population is closely related to the epidemic of dengue virus. In the subsequent study, it was found that the low iron state of the host can promote mosquitoes to infect the virus during blood feeding, and iron supplementation to the low iron host can block the spread of the virus. It shows that universal iron supplementation is an effective means to cut off the spread of dengue virus in nature, which will provide a new prevention and control idea and strategy for dengue virus prevention and control.

▲ Figure 2. Iron supplementation to the host can block mosquitoes from carrying and spreading dengue virus.

Professor Cheng Gong of Tsinghua University Medical College is the correspondent of this paper, and Zhu Yibin, a postdoctoral fellow of Tsinghua University Medical College, is the first author. Professor Wang Penghua from the Medical College of the University of Connecticut, Professor Liu Qiyong from the Institute of Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Professor Bian Zhongqi from the Department of Infectious Diseases of the 920th Hospital of China People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Professor Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr from Thailand Xianhuang Institute of Technology, and Wu Tianshi, deputy chief physician of Tsinghua University School Hospital, are the collaborators of this paper.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0555-x

The research group of Li Yue, Department of Electronics, Tsinghua, published a report in Nature Communication on the realization of near-zero exponential concept devices through dielectric integrated optical doping.

On September 11th, the research group of Associate Professor Li Yue of Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering published a research paper entitled "Substance-integrated photonic doping for near-zero-index devices" in Nature Communications. It is the first time to propose an optical doping method that can be integrated with dielectric to realize functional devices with near-zero exponential electromagnetic characteristics, which provides a new design method for new chip integrated circuits and has potential application value in biosensor, integrated circuits, functional materials and other fields.

▲ Conceptual diagram of dielectric integrated optical doping: (a) linear structure, (b) bending structure.

Near-zero-index device is a kind of functional device based on near-zero index medium. Compared with traditional electromagnetic devices, it has the characteristics of deformation, local adjustment and field enhancement. Electromagnetic wave in near-zero exponential medium presents a special wave effect of spatial static distribution, including near-zero refractive index and group velocity, as well as infinite wavelength and phase velocity. In 2017, Professor Nader Engheta and Associate Professor Li Yue of the Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania jointly published an article in the journal Science, proposing the concept of optical doping based on near-zero exponential media for the first time, transplanting doping technology from micro-scale to macro-scale, and regulating the magnetic permeability of equivalent media through doping in non-ordered media, thus realizing multi-modal control such as paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ideal magnet. It is a kind of aperiodic structure.

▲ Experimental observation of optical doping characteristics of dielectric integration: (a) test platform, (b) near-zero reflection, zero phase and high group delay.

Based on the engineering application of the new theory, this paper puts forward an optical doping method based on dielectric integration. Combining with typical integrated circuit technology, the regulation of optical doping on the magnetic characteristics of equivalent media is expressed as the regulation of the electromagnetic response of chip integrated devices, and a variety of near-zero exponential functional devices are realized. For example, a high-sensitivity biosensor with the help of local field enhancement effect in doped media, an efficient photoacoustic modulator with weak mechanical vibration, and an "electric fiber" (analogous to optical fiber) that can be bent and deformed at will and its working frequency remains unchanged. In addition, Li Yue team verified the electromagnetic characteristics of the concept of dielectric integrated optical doping through experiments, and observed zero phase shift, high time delay, position independence of doped media and device shape independence, which were consistent with the analytical theoretical prediction and full-wave simulation results.

The theoretical and experimental work of this thesis was completed in Tsinghua University, and the Department of Electronic Engineering of Tsinghua University was the first unit of this thesis. Li Yue and Nader Enkhtar are the corresponding authors of this article, and Zhou Ziheng, a doctoral student in the Department of Electronic Engineering, is the first author. Other authors include Li Hao and Sun Wangyu, Ph.D. students from Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering, and Dr. Inigo Liberal from Navarre Public University.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12083-y

Fang Xianyang’s research group of Tsinghua Institute of Life has made new progress in the study of solution structure of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus.

On September 10th, Fang Xianyang’s research group of the School of Life cooperated with Qin Chengfeng’s research group of the Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the Academy of Military Medicine. A research paper entitled "Long non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus has extended 3D structures and is flexible in solution" was published in EMBO Reports. In this paper, the solution structure of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from flavivirus type 2 dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus was reported in detail for the first time.

▲ Flow chart of studying the structure of flavivirus sfRNA solution by SAXS and computational simulation.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, which plays a variety of important functions in organisms and is a hot spot in life science research. Like its host, almost all viruses can encode long-chain noncoding RNA. Many mosquito-borne flavivirus, such as dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus, are pathogens that pose a great threat to human health. A large number of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA(sfRNA) will accumulate in the infected host cells, which play an important role in the pathogenicity of the virus and the immune escape from the host.

It is of great significance to study the structure-function of long-chain noncoding RNA, but at present, there is no effective means to study its three-dimensional spatial structure, so the three-dimensional spatial structure information of long-chain noncoding RNA is still very little. The length of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from mosquito-borne flavivirus is between 400 and 500 nucleotides, so it is very difficult to study its structure by using traditional structural biology methods, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance or cryoelectron microscopy. Fang Xianyang’s research team and their collaborators, combined with small-angle X-ray scattering technology and computational simulation, studied the solution structure and flexibility of long-chain non-coding subgenomic RNA from dengue virus type 2, Zika virus and West Nile virus by step-by-step solution. It is found that the long non-coding subgenomic RNA of flavivirus has multiple subdomains, which have an extended three-dimensional spatial structure in solution, modular structural characteristics similar to multi-domain proteins and great flexibility.

It is particularly interesting that the three-dimensional spatial shapes and structures of the dumbbell-shaped domains in series of sfRNA of Dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus based on small-angle X-ray scattering data are significantly different, which is presumed to be caused by the topological differences of their pseudo-knots in series. This inference is confirmed by further computational simulation, in vitro biochemistry and in vivo cell experiments. This study is an active exploration of the three-dimensional structure of long-chain noncoding RNA. The research results of this paper not only provide important structural information for understanding the physiological function of sfRNA, but also show that the integrated structural biology method based on small-angle X-ray scattering and computational simulation is a feasible method for studying the three-dimensional structure of other long-chain noncoding RNA solutions.

Fang Xianyang, researcher of Tsinghua University Life College, and Qin Chengfeng, researcher of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, Institute of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, are co-authors of this article. Zhang Yupeng, a 2013 direct doctoral student of Tsinghua University Life College, Zhang Yikan, a 2016 general doctoral student, Dr. Liu Zhongyu, an associate professor of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, and Cheng Mengli, a master student of Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, are co-authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201847016

Zhu Junming and Xue Lan of Tsinghua University of Public Administration jointly published a document to reveal the impact of China’s carbon emission trading policy on low-carbon innovation.

On September 9th, Associate Professor Zhu Junming and Professor Xue Lan from School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University published a research paper entitled "Low-carbon innovation induced by emissions trading in China" online in the international academic journal Nature Communications, and evaluated the effect of the pilot policy of carbon emissions trading in China on promoting enterprise innovation and its mechanism.

Carbon emission trading is a widely concerned market-based carbon emission reduction policy, which has been adopted by many countries and regions in the world and can play an important role in mitigating climate change. At present, the empirical knowledge about the effect of carbon emissions trading policy mainly comes from the study of EU carbon market. However, people still have little understanding of the scope of this market-oriented policy, the influence of interaction with other policies and the changes in the mechanism brought about by policy design, which limits the further promotion and greater role of the policy.

In order to solve this problem, Associate Professor Zhu Junming and Professor Xue Lan from School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University pay close attention to the pilot policy of carbon emission trading in China since 2013, and use enterprise-level data and patent application information to empirically test the influence and potential mechanism of the policy on low-carbon innovation of enterprises by using the methods of matching and double difference. Low-carbon innovation is helpful to get rid of the path dependence on carbon-intensive economy and energy infrastructure, and alleviate the negative impact caused by the uncertain trend of carbon emission reduction, which is very important to achieve stable emission reduction.

▲ Patent application trends of carbon trading enterprises and non-carbon trading enterprises.

It is found that, on the basis of the impact of policies such as energy conservation and emission reduction and low-carbon pilot projects, carbon emission trading has promoted trading enterprises to increase 1.75 low-carbon patent applications within two years, which is close to the policy effect of two low-carbon patent applications in the EU carbon market within five years, and at the same time, it has increased the applications of other types of patents, especially other green technology patents. The influence scope of the policy goes beyond the carbon emission trading enterprises, and the influence on enterprises that have not been included in carbon trading but may be included in the future is also very significant. It is also found that the innovation behavior of enterprises is not affected by the price of carbon trading, but by the way of quota allocation. This series of research findings provide a reference for the construction of China’s national carbon market.

Associate Professor Zhu Junming from the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University is the first author and co-author of the article, while Deng Xinghua, a former postdoctoral fellow in Tsinghua University and now a lecturer at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, is the co-author of the article, and Professor Xue Lan and Fan Yichun, an undergraduate graduate of Tsinghua University and now a master of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, are the co-authors of the paper.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12213-6

Zhong Yi’s research group of Tsinghua Institute of Life reveals the downstream molecular mechanism of active forgetting of different memory components.

On September 5th, the research group of Zhong Yi, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University published a research paper entitled "Genetic Dissection of Active Forgetting in Labile and Consolidated Memories in Drosophila" in PNAS.

In this paper, the downstream molecular mechanisms of active forgetting of unstable short memory and stable long memory in Drosophila were systematically compared and analyzed for the first time. It was found that the active forgetting of unstable short memory was mediated by Rac1/WAVE complex/ Dia pathway, while the active forgetting of stable long memory was mediated by Cdc42/WASp/ Arp2/3 complex pathway. As Dia and Arp2/3 complex are reported to regulate the linear growth and branching growth of neurofilament skeleton respectively, the research results of this paper provide an interesting possibility: the active forgetting of memory components with different stability may be related to the growth mode of different forms of neurofilament structure.

▲ Analysis of forgetting mechanism of stable memory and unstable memory.

As early as 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, described the forgetting curve of the human brain for newly acquired memories, and began the journey of human beings to explore the mystery of forgetting. In the following 100 years, many scholars tried to find the mechanism of forgetting by using the method of experimental psychology, and also created a variety of theories to explain the phenomenon of forgetting, but ultimately failed to get a unified answer. As a basic feature of human memory, forgetfulness has been widely studied and reported in psychology, but almost no one cares about it in the research of neurobiology, and it has become a "forgotten corner". The main reason may be that the forgetting process is simply regarded as another description of memory failure, and it is a passive process (if you remember poorly, you will forget quickly, and if you remember well, you will forget slowly), thus ignoring the unique molecular mechanism of forgetting itself.

Until 2010, Professor Zhong Yi’s research group discovered the biological mechanism of active forgetting for the first time, that is, the learning process itself will activate the molecular pathway of forgetting signals to actively forget the formed memories. This active forgetting mechanism does not affect the quality of learning itself, but specifically affects the speed of forgetting acquired memories. Moreover, different memory components will have their own active forgetting mechanisms. For example, in the olfactory punishment learning of Drosophila, one training (5 minutes) can produce two completely different memory components at the same time: unstable anesthesia-sensitive memory (ASM) and relatively stable anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) which lasts for more than one day. Zhong Yi’s research group has found that a study session can activate Rac1 molecule in the small G protein family to erase the unstable anesthetic sensitive memory that lasts for several hours, and activate Cdc42 molecule, another member of the small G protein family, to forget the more stable anti-anesthetic memory that lasts for more than one day. However, the specific downstream molecular pathways of the forgetting mechanism mediated by Rac1 and Cdc42 are not clear.

Recently, the research paper published online by Zhong Yi’s research group analyzed the downstream molecular pathways of these two forgetting mechanisms for the first time: Rac1/WAVE complex/ Dia pathway mediates the active forgetting of short-term memory components (unstable anesthesia-sensitive memories that last for several hours), while Cdc42/WASp/ Arp2/3 complex pathway mediates the active forgetting of long-term memory components (relatively stable anti-anesthesia memories that last for more than one day). Both of these active forgetting mechanisms occur in the mushroom body of the learning and memory center of Drosophila (the mushroom body contains about 4000 neurons, and the whole brain of Drosophila has more than 100 thousand neurons). Interestingly, cell biology research found that Dia was directly responsible for the linear growth of microfilament skeleton, while Arp2/3 complex was responsible for the branching growth of microfilament skeleton. This suggests that the active forgetting function of different memory components may be related to different forms of dynamic changes in the microfilament skeleton structure of neurons. On the one hand, these research results bring the academic understanding of the molecular mechanism of forgetting into a more detailed dimension, on the other hand, they provide more effective pharmacological targets for directly regulating the function of forgetting.

Gao Yang, a Ph.D. student in the School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University, Shuai Yichun, a researcher in the Janelia Research Campus of the United States, Zhang Xuchen, a graduate doctoral student in the School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University, and Peng Yuwei, a doctoral student, are the co-first authors of this paper. Professor Zhong Yi from Tsinghua University and Assistant Researcher Li Gan are co-authors of this article.

Paper link:

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903763116

Xiao Bailong of Tsinghua Pharmaceutical College and Li Xueming’s research group of School of Life jointly published a paper in Nature.

Reveal the delicate molecular machines structure and mechanism that mediates human tactile perception.

On August 21, Nature (Nature) The journal published the research paper "Structure and Mechanizing of the Mammalian Tactical Channel Piezo2" written by Xiao Bailong’s research group of Tsinghua University Pharmaceutical College and Li Xueming’s research group of College of Life Sciences. The three-dimensional structure and exquisite working mechanism of high-resolution cryoelectron microscope, a mechanical force molecular receptor-PIEZO 2 ion channel, which gives human tactile perception ability, are reported for the first time. This research is another important research achievement in this field after the two research groups reported in Nature on January 22nd, 2018 the high-resolution three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanism of another member of the mechanically gated PIZO channel family-PIZO 1 ion channel, which not only strongly promoted the understanding of the structural basis and molecular mechanism of PIZO channel family, but also laid a solid foundation for drug development based on PIZO channel. At the same time, Nature published a commentator’s article and spoke highly of the research.

Touch, as one of the five senses, not only gives us the ability to perceive pleasant touches such as shaking hands, stroking and kissing to maintain normal social behavior, but also bears the biological basis for human beings to skillfully use various tools such as touch screen, mobile phone or mouse. However, under pathological conditions such as tissue injury or inflammation, abnormal tactile perception function can lead to severe mechanical hypersensitivity (also known as touch pain). For example, patients with cancer or arthritis often suffer from severe pain caused by slight touch such as dressing or walking, which seriously affects individual health and quality of life. In addition, autistic people usually show more sensitive tactile perception than ordinary people. Recent studies suggest that this abnormal tactile function may be one of the important causes of autism.

Tactile perception originates from the response of mechanical force sensing molecular receptor-mechanically gated cation channel expressed on primary sensory neurons to mechanical force stimulation, which causes extracellular cations, such as sodium ions and calcium ions, to flow into cells, which in turn induces nerve cell excitement and signal transmission, and finally leads to tactile sensation. In 2010, the research group of Professor Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Institute in the United States identified that the Piezo gene family encodes the necessary components of mechanically gated cation channels in mammals. In 2012, Dr. Xiao Bailong, who is engaged in postdoctoral research in Professor Patapoutian’s research group, and his colleagues reported in the journal Nature that Piezo protein constitutes the core pore component of mechanically gated cation channels, thus establishing a brand-new ion channel family type of mechanically gated Piezo channels for the first time.

Subsequent studies have proved that Piezo2 mediates the mechanical perception of tactile, proprioception (such as posture balance perception) and visceral perception (such as lung contraction and expansion, blood pressure perception and heart rate regulation) in mammals, while Piezo1 has been found to act as a molecular receptor of mechanical force in a variety of cell tissues and participate in regulating the development of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, blood pressure homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling and many other functions. The genetic mutation of Piezo gene has been found to cause many human genetic diseases, including erythrocytopenia syndrome, lymphatic edema, distal joint contracture, tactile loss and so on. The human body with the loss-of-function mutation of Piezo2 not only shows tactile and proprioception defects, but also loses the perception of mechanical hypersensitivity in pathological state, which confirms that Piezo2 channel can be used as an important target for developing new analgesic drugs.

▲ Figure A, schematic diagram of frozen electron microscope of Piezo2, in which each subunit is represented by a different color; B, a schematic diagram of a dome-shaped structure surrounded by three outward twisted transmembrane paddle areas, and the transmembrane area is marked by the green dotted line; C, schematic diagram of the topological structure of Piezo2 with 38 transmembrane regions; D, a subunit structure of Piezo2 constitutes a display diagram; E, Piezo2 central pore module area; F, the central pore area of Piezo2 and Piezo1 surrounded by IH-CTD; The radius distribution diagram of the central pore area of G, Piezo2 and Piezo1, including the switch gate of transmembrane area and the Constriction neck)； of intracellular area; H, Piezo1 and Piezo2 mutants with deletion of hat region lack the current induced by mechanical stimulation.

Dr. Xiao Bailong’s research group comprehensively uses the multi-disciplinary research methods, such as biochemical structure, electrophysiological patch clamp, Qualcomm dosage drug screening, transgenic mouse model and human genetics, and focuses on solving the key scientific problems of how the mechanically gated Piezo channel converts mechanical stimulation into electrochemical signals, and how it uses its own mechanical sensitivity and channel characteristics to determine related physiological and pathological functions, and is committed to developing new drugs and technologies targeting Piezo channel. Up to now, as a correspondent (including co-author), he has made a series of important research achievements in the three-dimensional structure analysis, molecular mechanism revelation, small molecule drug discovery and physiological and pathological function exploration of Piezo channel.

In this latest Nature paper, relying on the technical system and research platform established by two research groups for analyzing the structure of Piezo1 channel by cryo-electron microscope, the researchers have made unremitting efforts for more than six years to overcome the difficulty of extremely low expression of mouse-derived Piezo2 with a total length of 2,822 amino acids. Through continuous exploration and optimization of protein purification conditions and sample preparation methods by cryo-electron microscope, a stable and homogeneous protein sample was finally obtained for data collection by cryo-electron microscope. In the process of structural analysis, Piezo protein is extremely flexible, which brings great challenges to the resolution of high-resolution structures. The researchers expanded the symmetry of Piezo2 data particles, cut them into three parts, and calculated them independently, so as to obtain high-resolution structures of each part and then put them together into a complete structure, overcoming the flexibility problem, and finally obtained a three-dimensional structure with an overall resolution of 3.6-3.8 angstroms (Figure A), and successfully analyzed the complete topological structure of Piezo2 protein including 38 transmembrane helical regions (Figures C and D).

The researchers found that the overall three-dimensional structure of Piezo2 channel is similar to that of Piezo1 channel previously analyzed, and it is assembled into a trilobal propeller-like structure with 114 transmembrane helical regions in the form of homotrimer (Figure a-d), and it is established that Piezo channel is a kind of large membrane protein with the most transmembrane times so far. Among them, the 1st to 36th transmembrane helix regions (TM1-36) are sequentially assembled into 9 repetitive structural units with the 4th transmembrane helix region as the unit, and this characteristic structural unit was previously named THU (Transmembrane Helical Unit) with the abbreviation of Tsinghua University (Figure c, d). Very interestingly, these nine thus are connected in series to form a special non-planar transmembrane "Blade" structure, which leads to the three blades enclosing into a dome-shaped structure with a diameter of 28nm and a depth of 10nm (Figure B). Researchers speculate that this dome-shaped PIZO protein-cell membrane system may be one of the structural foundations of PIZO channel with high mechanical sensitivity.

The extracellular "Cap" domain located above the central pore region is completely embedded in the bottom of the dome (Figures A and B), while there is a 9nm long Beam structure inside the cell, which connects the peripheral end of the blade to the intracellular position of the central pore region (Figures a-e). The 38th transmembrane helix (named inner helix, IH) and the trailing intracellular carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) form a central pore part (Figures E and F), including a narrow neck located in the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic region (Figures F and G), suggesting that the Piezo channel structure is in a closed state. The structural comparison between Piezo2 and Piezo1 shows that the transmembrane region narrow site is completely closed in Piezo2 structure, but open in Piezo1 (Figure f, g). Based on this, the researcher proposed that the narrow site forms a switch gate of transmembrane region (Figure f, g). Further structural analysis and electrophysiological function experiments show that the gate may be controlled by the rotation of the top hat domain (Figure H). However, because the narrow constriction neck located in the cytoplasm region is in the closed state in both Piezo1 and Piezo2 structures (Figure f, g), it remains to be further proved whether this site is controlled by the conformational changes of the blade and long rod structure as another switch gate.

Dr. Xiao Bailong said that through the full cooperation with Dr. Li Xueming’s research group, the analysis of the structure from Piezo1 to Piezo2 not only strongly promoted the understanding of the structure and mechanism of mechanical gating of Piezo channel in mammals, but also provided a solid foundation for exploring the mechanism of human diseases caused by the dysfunction of Piezo channel and the identification and discovery of related drugs. Relying on the all-round research platform and academic accumulation of Piezo channel established by their research group, they will devote themselves to the drug discovery and development of Piezo channel.

Dr. Xiao Bailong from Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy and Dr. Li Xueming from College of Life Sciences are co-authors of this paper. Wang Li, a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University College of Pharmacy, Zhou Heng, a 2015 doctoral student at School of Life, Zhang Mingmin, a 2013 doctoral student, and Liu Wenhao, a 2016 doctoral student, are the first authors. In addition, Dr. Deng Tuan, Zhao Qiancheng (now a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University) and Li Yiran of Xiao Bailong’s research group also participated in some research work. Dr lei Jianlin of Tsinghua University cryo-electron microscope platform provided help for data collection of cryo-electron microscope.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1505-8.pdf

Graphic | School of Medicine, School of Life, Department of Electronics, School of Public Administration, School of Pharmacy

Editor | Li Jing

Qingyuan released April sunny and rainy at first sight.

It coincides with the warm spring and flowers.

It’s a good time to step into spring.

Accompanied by frequent turnover of personnel

It is easy to cause diseases such as respiratory tract and intestine.

Qingyuan CDC reminds citizens

When going out to play

Attention should be paid to safety and health first

Be careful in April.

The following seven diseases

hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Hand-foot-mouth disease is mainly caused by enterovirus EV71, Coxsackie virus A16, Coxsackie virus A6 and other enteroviruses. The incubation period is 2-10 days (average 3-5 days). The clinical manifestations are mainly fever and rash or herpes on hands, feet, mouth and buttocks. It spreads through respiratory droplets and faeces, and it is easy to occur in infants under 5 years old. It can occur all year round, and it is spring from April to July.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Vaccination with EV71 vaccine can significantly reduce the risk of serious illness and death. In order to play a protective role as early as possible, children are encouraged to complete the whole vaccination before the age of 12 months.

2. Nursery institutions strictly implement the regulations on the management of infectious diseases, implement morning and afternoon inspections, check the causes of absence due to illness, and report the clustered epidemic situation in time.

3. Maintain good hand hygiene, wash your hands before and after meals and after going out and returning.

4. Closed public places and rooms should be ventilated frequently to keep the air circulating. Frequent contact parts, daily necessities and children’s toys are cleaned and disinfected regularly.

whooping cough

Pertussis is a highly contagious acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis infection. Since the wide implementation of DTP vaccine immunization, the incidence of this disease has been significantly reduced. However, in recent years, the number of reported cases of pertussis in our city has been on the rise, and some cases have typical paroxysmal and spasmodic cough, with a course of 2-3 months.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Vaccination is one of the important methods to prevent pertussis. Children in China should be vaccinated with one dose at the age of 3, 4, 5 months and 18~24 months, and school-age children should be vaccinated with pertussis in time.

2. Try to avoid exposure. If there is a definite infected person at home, the infected person should follow the doctor’s advice and take antibiotics for treatment in time, and pay attention to ventilation at home to reduce close contact with other family members. In particular, infants who have not been vaccinated at home should try to avoid contact with infected people or live in the same room.

3. Strengthening ventilation, washing hands frequently, wearing masks and other preventive measures can effectively prevent diseases transmitted through respiratory tract.

Tick-borne diseases

Acari, generally reddish brown or taupe, long oval, flat back and abdomen, is only the size of a grain of rice before blood sucking, and can expand several times to dozens of times after blood sucking. Ticks mostly live in grassland, farmland, bushes or wooded environment and animal body surface. As the weather warms up, ticks gradually enter an active period. Ticks can spread many diseases after biting people, such as Lyme disease, forest encephalitis, tick-borne hemorrhagic fever, Q fever, relapsing fever, spotted fever, rabbit fever, tick-borne typhus, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Bartonella infection and so on.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Try to avoid sitting and lying for a long time in the main habitats of ticks, such as grasslands and Woods. Do personal protection and wear long-sleeved clothes; Fasten the trouser legs or stuff them into socks and shoes; Don’t wear sandals; Don’t dry clothes on the grass or trees.

2. After you come back from forests, grasslands and other places, you should pay attention to checking clothes and various parts of your body to ensure that there are no ticks attached; If you bring a pet, you should also carefully check the whole body of the pet to prevent ticks from being carried home in the pet hair.

3. After being bitten by ticks, it is generally not recommended to handle it by yourself. It is best to go to the hospital for treatment.

dengue

Dengue fever is an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by dengue virus, which is mainly transmitted by the bite of Aedes albopictus (commonly known as "flower mosquito"). Mainly popular in tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, America and Africa. Dengue fever has the characteristics of typical import and suddenness, rapid spread, high incidence, general susceptibility of the population and high mortality of a few severe cases.

With the increase of temperature and rainfall, the density of mosquito vectors increases, which does not rule out the possibility of local infection caused by imported cases in some areas.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Wear long-sleeved clothes when going out and try to choose light-colored clothes; Mosquito repellent products such as mosquito repellent can be used in exposed parts of the skin; Install screen doors, screens and other physical protection measures; Avoid staying in the shade, shrubs, grass and other mosquitoes densely.

2. Reduce the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes

Sealing: sealing the water tank, sealing the sewer manhole or installing anti-mosquito devices and sealing useful utensils.

Fill: Fill potholes, waste ponds, ditches, bamboo holes and tree holes.

Dredging: dredge ditches, clean up silt and weeds on the shore.

Row: clear the accumulated water.

Cleaning: remove small containers of garbage, as well as garbage containers such as plastic film bags, discarded bottles and cans.

Novel coronavirus infection

At present, the epidemic situation of novel coronavirus in our city shows a low level of epidemic fluctuation. novel coronavirus has not disappeared, but it is still mutating, and there is still the risk of infection. The general public still needs to do a good job of self-protection.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Take the initiative to vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine, wash hands frequently, ventilate more, gather less, maintain good hygiene habits, and wear masks scientifically in crowded places.

2. Enhancing self-immunity and improving self-immunity is an important means to prevent various diseases. Please ask the general public to maintain a healthy lifestyle such as regular work and rest, exercise, drink plenty of water, eat healthily and have a good attitude.

flu

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which has the characteristics of short incubation period, strong infectivity, rapid spread, etc., mainly manifested as acute onset, severe headache, chills, fever, body aches, fatigue and other symptoms, which are easy to cause outbreaks; High incidence in winter and spring, the whole population is susceptible, pregnant women, infants, the elderly and patients with chronic basic diseases are high-risk groups, and serious complications may occur.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Vaccinate against influenza. Vaccinate against influenza is the most effective means to prevent influenza, which can significantly reduce the risk of serious complications of vaccinators. The virus is easy to mutate, so it is recommended to vaccinate once a year, especially for the elderly, children, pregnant women, patients with chronic diseases, caregivers and medical staff.

2. Maintain good personal hygiene, wash your hands frequently and correctly, avoid dirty hands touching your eyes, nose and mouth, cover your nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, and wash your hands in time.

3. Reduce going to crowded places and wear masks scientifically.

4. Ventilation indoors to keep the air circulating.

5. Have a balanced diet, moderate exercise and adequate rest to avoid excessive fatigue.

chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus, which occurs frequently in winter and spring. It is characterized by patches, papules, herpes and scabs on the skin and mucosa in batches with mild systemic symptoms. The incubation period is long, generally 14-16 days (ranging from 10-21 days) after exposure to the virus. From 1-2 days before the outbreak of chickenpox infection to the scab of the rash, the infected person is contagious. It is mainly transmitted through respiratory tract and direct contact. April-June and November-January are the high incidence seasons of chickenpox every year.

Children aged 1 -12 are susceptible, and chickenpox is highly contagious. About 90% of susceptible people will get sick after contacting patients, commonly known as "face-to-face transmission". Places where people gather, such as kindergartens and schools, are prone to outbreaks.

Guidelines for disease prevention

1. Vaccination with chickenpox vaccine is the most economical and effective measure. Chickenpox vaccine is suitable for people who are susceptible to chickenpox at the age of 1 and above. Vaccination is recommended for school-age children and people with high exposure.

2. Nursery institutions, schools, etc. strictly implement the regulations on the management of infectious diseases, implement morning and afternoon check-ups, check the causes of absence due to illness, etc. Once suspicious patients are found, they should be disposed of in time, and standardized disinfection should be carried out on the items they have contacted.

3. Maintain good personal hygiene habits. Wash your hands frequently, eat a balanced diet, strengthen physical exercise, and try to avoid contact with patients with acute chickenpox.

4. Strengthen environmental ventilation. Closed public places and rooms should be ventilated frequently to keep indoor air circulation and clean environment.

5. Patients must be treated in isolation at an early stage until all herpes scabs or not less than two weeks after illness.

Qingyuan fafa editorial department

Original title: "Qingyuan CDC Reminder: Seven Infectious Diseases Need to be Focused on in April"

Read the original text

Recently, a news in the field has aroused widespread concern. It is reported that some owners of Xiaomi models found a new function called "lap time assessment in ranking mode" when receiving the update of Xiaomi HyperOS system. This function claims that if the owner can achieve the officially recommended lap time on the designated track, he can unlock the ranking mode.

This news quickly fermented on the Internet, which triggered heated discussions and doubts among car owners. However, the situation quickly reversed, and many car owners confirmed that Xiaomi had cancelled this OTA update.

In the face of this storm, Xiaomi officially responded quickly. They said that the company has always been committed to establishing good relations with users and attaches great importance to users’ feedback and interests. In the future, before OTA push, we will strengthen communication and forecast with users to ensure the transparency of information and users’ right to know.

According to a car owner of Xiaomi SU7 Ultra, Xiaomi’s sales staff has contacted him actively, apologizing for the incident and offering a car wash machine and points as compensation. The owner said that although the track mode is not used frequently for him personally, he still appreciates Xiaomi’s positive response and compensation measures.

"I think Xiaomi’s handling of this incident is very sincere," the owner said. "They plan to launch a new version of the car machine within 4-6 weeks, and provide 5000 points and car washing machines as compensation for the owners who are locked in power. You can also enjoy the service of free pick-up and delivery of cars to upgrade new cars. "

This incident not only tested Xiaomi’s crisis handling ability in dealing with emergencies, but also highlighted the importance of user feedback to enterprises again. Xiaomi’s quick response and positive compensation measures have undoubtedly alleviated the dissatisfaction of car owners to some extent.

However, different car owners have different views on this incident. Some car owners think that Xiaomi’s compensation measures are sincere enough, while others hope that Xiaomi can pay more attention to the actual needs and experiences of users in future product updates.

　　CCTV News:The plot is always so similar. When people temporarily forget the barbaric growth, a sensational social news brings the rental platform under the chain home to the public’s attention.

　　On October 16th, a netizen named "My free neighbor is a fugitive" posted in Weibo that on October 13th, there was an incident of chopping people with a knife in a free shared rental house. Afterwards, there was blood all over the floor and walls of the rented house, and the smell of blood lingered, making other tenants unable to live, but they freely failed to give other tenants a reasonable explanation.

　　The authenticity and specific details of the incident have not yet been determined, but from the "deadly formaldehyde room" to the "horror camera", it claims to have the freedom of "artisan spirit" and has fallen into a number of negative public opinion whirlpools in recent months.

　　The tenant hacked people in the room. Manager: "What has affected you?"

　　On October 16, 2018, Weibo netizen "My free neighbor is a fugitive" posted that a fugitive with a criminal record had been living in his free room in Haidian, Beijing for half a year, and he hacked someone with a knife in his shared room last Saturday. After the incident, the room was covered with blood, but freely did not give other users a reasonable explanation.

　　Party Weibo (screenshot)

　　At the same time, there was a video posted on the Internet, in which there was a pool of blood on the floor of the room, bloody footprints spread all over the room, and white chairs and walls were splashed with stars. ……

　　In a recording widely circulated on the Internet, the manager’s complaint about the tenant’s anger seems quite indifferent: "I’ll have someone buy you some incense and make some fragrance in the house." In order to show his "sincerity" in handling this matter, the manager also asked the tenant what flavor of air freshener he liked.

　　In the subsequent dispute, the manager confidently asked the tenant, "What happened to you (in the house)?"

　　The authenticity of the recording can not be tested for the time being, and there is no public denial in terms of freedom.

　　After the public opinion fermented, the free customer service responded in Weibo that the matter was an emotional dispute between Ms. Zhang, a free tenant, and two men. The injured person was her ex-boyfriend and the injured person was her current boyfriend. Ms. Zhang is a free tenant, and neither the injured person nor the victim is a free tenant. He also said: the poster made a rumor that Ms. Zhang, the tenant, was a fugitive, which seriously infringed on the reputation of the company and Ms. Zhang, and freely reserved the right to pursue the legal responsibility of the rumor maker.

　　The reporter of "Legal Evening News" contacted the tenant. According to him, after the incident, due to the heavy smell of blood in the room, the poster contacted the free staff, hoping to change the similar room in the same area freely, but was rejected. If you want to "dry the blood", the tenant can go back to live that night. After the tenant refused, he freely said that he could stay in a hotel below 300 yuan for one day, and the company would reimburse him, and then he would live in the rented house after the matter was settled. "　

　　According to the owner, the tenant was taken to see the house after the incident, and only the poster failed to change the rent successfully, or the price was slightly different from the incident room because of the size and location of the room.　

　　At present, the incident continues to ferment, and there is no updated explanation from the free side, and no other actions have been seen in public relations.

　　"Privacy and life are the same."

　　Free official website (screenshot)

　　On the official website, a rental platform owned by Chain Home, there are a row of rooms to be rented: Mo Landi-colored walls and bedding, simple and neat iron or wooden furniture, and the sun shines through bright windows. This is a tenant’s ideal good residence, which meets the various needs of young people for a warm, decent, safe and orderly life.

　　At the beginning of its birth in 2011, it was free to provide an ideal home for young people struggling in big cities, and chain home executives also advertised the "ingenuity" of the company many times in interviews.

　　However, the word "ingenuity" was particularly ironic after a self-media article titled "Alibaba P7 employee died of leukemia and rented a free formaldehyde room before his death" was screened in September this year.

　　Ali, a 37-year-old employee, died of leukemia in less than two months after staying in a free room with excessive formaldehyde. Since then, the Beijing News reporter visited a number of freely rented houses and found that some houses suspected that formaldehyde exceeded the standard. According to the national standard, the indoor formaldehyde standard is 0.1 mg/m3, but the reporter found that the data was as high as 1.018 mg/m3 in a living room, which exceeded the standard by 10 times. Excessive formaldehyde has caused many tenants to have headaches, dry and itchy throats.

　　This is not the first time that formaldehyde in the room has exceeded the standard. However, in the first-tier cities where land is scarce and it is not easy to live in a big place, mature and high-quality housing is quite scarce, and the urgent need for a place to live makes people reduce their consideration of living safety to the second place. It’s just that it’s hard for a rental platform that prides itself on "artisan spirit" to make use of consumers’ eagerness to fish in troubled waters, lower the requirements for housing quality and earn "ambiguous money".

　　Some netizens said that they are a "green radish" who lives in a free room and sucks formaldehyde for free. Behind this black humor is the helplessness and protest of tenants.

　　In the face of surging public opinion, I freely apologized first, then promised that the newly collected houses would be vacant for 30 days, and then rented out after passing the formaldehyde test. In addition, I also took remedial measures such as returning the rent and measuring formaldehyde for free, which was an account for the tenants.

　　For an enterprise that has exposed multiple problems in risk control, management and compliance, "calm" has become a luxury.

　　The "pinhole camera incident" will be freely pushed to the forefront of public opinion.

　　The camera found by the party Chen Cheng (pseudonym) at home (Source: Network)

　　The client Chen Cheng (pseudonym) said that on the evening of September 11th, he found a "strange little hole" on the bedside socket, and it was suspected that a pinhole camera was installed. After reporting the case, it was confirmed by the police that there was a sneak shot device hidden behind the socket.

　　The tenant said that things have been reflected for more than a month, and the company has never given a solution. During this period, only one director stated that this matter has nothing to do with the company.

　　On October 14, the incident was exposed from the media and quickly fermented. On the 15 th, I finally made a public response freely: I have cooperated with the public security organs to file a case for investigation. It is natural to emphasize that the company has strict process inspection and system control on the decoration and configuration of newly-received and second-rented houses. After the incident, the safety management center of the company will further sort out and investigate the hidden dangers with the quality management, decoration and configuration and lease management departments.

　　On the morning of 16th, I had an interview with the tenant freely. However, at the end of the interview, the tenant said that he was free to propose another room change for himself, but he would not change rooms until the dust settled.

　　One after another, the lawsuits that have not yet "settled the dust" consume the reputation that you have been proud of for many years. Some netizens commented with intense emotions: "Living freely, privacy and life are the same." Search Weibo, and you can even see users with the nickname "Free to go out of business today".

　　Does an apology work or not?

　　In 2018, Didi apologized to the public twice for the "flight attendant murder case" and "Wenzhou girl murder case", each time being more sincere. In the open letter, Cheng Wei and Liu Qing reflected on their mistakes to the depths of their souls, saying that "the competitive heart overshadowed the initial heart" and "the lack of awe". In the eyes of the public, this did not save Didi’s reputation, more like "crocodile tears."

　　There are self-media predictions, and a free apology should not be far away.

　　As a traditional format upgraded by the Internet, it stands out in the rental market where "black intermediaries" are everywhere, focusing on better housing, stricter management, more transparent procedures and more humanized services. It is precisely because of this that young people are willing to pay hundreds or even thousands of dollars to choose it every month.

　　In recent years, snowballs have been getting bigger and bigger. In June of this year, it freely announced its achievements, saying that it has settled in nine cities across the country and managed 600,000 houses, claiming to be "the largest professional leasing institution in China".

　　However, there are frequent problems in management. In addition to several vicious incidents sorted out in the article, in the winter of 2017, in the special action of large-scale investigation, large-scale clean-up and large-scale rectification of potential safety hazards in Beijing, the partition room that was free from compliance was demolished, resulting in many households having nowhere to go; Social news about disputes over housekeeping, cleaning and household finance is also frequently seen in newspapers.

　　Looking at the free negative news, unlike Didi, it is not the business logic that has been criticized, but the procrastination and casual attitude after the incident, which is contrary to the entrepreneurial spirit it has always advocated. From indifference to formaldehyde housekeepers, to inaction in "camera incident" and "hacking incident" … … Free "arrogance" keeps consumers’ "prejudice" escalating.

　　So, here’s the problem. Where does the "arrogance" come from?

　　Internet companies provide services with matching information as the core to meet people’s needs of "food, clothing, housing and transportation". At the same time, there is also a huge "information gap" between consumers and enterprises. If you want to buy the convenience and comfort brought by this information, you must endure the "store bullying" of Internet companies.

　　Therefore, there are complaints on the Internet. In real life, on the flashing screen in the hands of "commuters", it is still dripping to match suitable vehicles for them; Young people who have just graduated still have to go back to the rented "free room" to settle down for a day’s fatigue.

　　This is a dilemma. As netizens said, "Didi is better than a black car" and "Free is better than ‘ Black intermediary ’ Good. "

　　In this dilemma, freely, Didi began to "pretend to sleep". They seem to forget that behind the massive information they have obtained are ordinary users; The market on which the pursuit of profits depends is also made up of ordinary users. They seem to forget that technology and algorithms can certainly create a more convenient life, but if consumers are regarded as dirt, it will only be a matter of time before word of mouth collapses and reputation goes bankrupt.

　　Marx once said: "Capital comes into the world from head to toe, and every pore is dripping with blood and dirty things". To clean the pores for the capitalists, it is far from enough to rely solely on their consciousness and conscience. In the past six months, Internet companies have intensified their rectification efforts, Didi has been interviewed and freely interviewed, and the "teeth" of supervision have become sharper and sharper.

　　Life is more than a room. The beautiful declaration of freedom is still hanging in official website, but they have no further explanation or public relations behavior in view of the fog of the "chopping people" incident.

　　Will the future be good?

　　"I don’t know in the future, 2013 is better. At that time, their services were not bad. " In an interview with a reporter, someone said so.

　　That year, Tencent invested 15 million yuan to take a taxi, and the iphone version of the APP was officially launched. That year, we came into contact with a brand-new concept — — "The Internet creates a better life for people".

　　Recently, a master’s thesis entitled "Sociological Research on Fart" was circulated on the Internet, causing controversy. Some netizens are "sarcastic": Cold Window has studied hard for so many years, and it is really a "fart". Some netizens commented after reading that things that seem meaningless and are sneered at are "serious things to dig into."

　　The Paper noted that the paper was written in 2007 by Gao Jianwei, an in-service master of sociology at Huazhong Normal University. At that time, Gao Jianwei not only passed the master’s thesis defense with this paper, but also was rated as "excellent".

　　As early as 2015, the paper had aroused public concern. Li Yaxiong, a tutor of Gao Jianwei and a professor at Huazhong Normal University, said in an interview with the media at that time, "There are actually many aspects in life that are worth exploring, and there is no need to always repeat some meaningless topics. Some topics that look different or niche are often more worthy of consideration and there will be more interesting discoveries."

　　In this regard, Zheng Zuoyu, a professor at the School of Sociology of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that whether the paper can be written well depends on whether the attitude is correct. In his view, even if the topic is high, but the attitude is not good, "no use"; On the contrary, if the academic attitude is correct, the topic "No matter how bizarre it is" can also be described as a classic.

　　The thesis was praised by the tutor.

　　"I am often mentioned by people around me such a question: How did you do such a topic?" Gao Jianwei explained at the beginning of his thesis "Sociological Research on Fart" that he chose this topic because he accidentally saw two stories about fart on the Internet. In both stories, the protagonist changed his life track because of a fart, which triggered Gao Jianwei’s thinking.

　　Gao Jianwei believes that "fart" is not only a physiological phenomenon, but also a social phenomenon, which has various correspondences with social relations. Through the study of a large number of historical materials, he pointed out that fart exists as a social taboo in both western culture and eastern culture. This taboo not only spreads in all aspects of our daily life, but also widely exists in the superstructure fields such as education, manners and customs, habits, morality and even law.

　　Gao Jianwei deeply analyzed how fart behavior and phenomenon changed from a physiological behavior to a social taboo from the perspective of social genetics, and revealed the complex mechanism of this operation process. In the process of social development, fart has evolved from indiscriminate human behavior to behavior that occurs more frequently among some social members, and then to negative behavior in moral evaluation, and finally evolved into a form of social taboo.

　　The paper mentions that in the early stage of human beings, division of labor and class have not yet appeared, and fart behavior is primitive human beings — — That is, the most frequent and common physiological phenomenon of our ancestors. With the development of productive forces, social relations have changed, and the diet types and habits of the rich have changed, and they no longer fart frequently. At this point, the human fart experience has completed the first historic change, that is, from a common physiological phenomenon of human beings to a behavior that occurs more frequently and more commonly among some members of society (more poor people).

　　Through this transformation, fart behavior has gained some social significance, reflecting the fact that the upper and lower classes coexist and oppose each other. In order to maintain its dominant position, the upper class not only establishes an absolute control position in the political, economic and cultural fields, but also strives to "shape" the social state that adapts to its dominant position. Distinguish the upper and lower classes by etiquette, self-cultivation and taste. The upper class is often considered polite, while the members of the lower class are ordinary, vulgar and even despicable. In this context, farting is labeled as a negative moral label. Under the power of discipline, "fart" has changed from a negative social behavior defined by the upper class to a social taboo, and has been recognized and obeyed by all members of society.

　　He believes that this genetic process comes from the strange characteristics of power operation, namely, duality, dependence and publicity. Then it discusses the fart behavior and phenomenon of "no taboo", and thinks that this phenomenon essentially reflects the taboo existing form of fart behavior and phenomenon, and is related to the strange characteristics of power operation.

　　The Paper noted that this is not the first time that this paper has been concerned by netizens. In 2015, Beijing Evening News reported on this matter. Li Yaxiong, Gao Jianwei’s tutor and professor of Huazhong Normal University, was quite appreciative of the paper when interviewed.

　　According to his memory, when the paper was opened, the teachers all laughed at the first sight of the topic, but after the "laugh", everyone quickly discussed its academic value from a professional point of view, not simply talking about the matter, but using sociological theory for analysis. Li Yaxiong told the Beijing Evening News reporter at that time that Gao Jianwei’s research found a new way. In the case of repeated research, it was "precious" and teachers generally supported it.

　　"The defense effect is also very good, and it has also been rated as excellent. He (Gao Jianwei) has a good writing style and clear thinking. " Li Yaxiong said that because it is not convenient to do actual investigation, Gao Jianwei presented the genesis of fart, its vertical development in different times and the social meaning behind it through literature analysis and quotations. "I welcome this topic that comes from life and has humanistic care."

　　In this regard, The Paper recently contacted Professor Li Yaxiong several times for an interview, but the other party declined on the grounds of being away on business.

　　College teachers: With a correct attitude, no matter how strange the topic is, it can become a classic.

　　In fact, in recent years, many papers have attracted public attention because of their unique topics. Previously, papers such as "The Utopian Cat: The Identity and Fantasy of Cats Fans" and "The Influence of Illicium verum on the Volatile Flavor of Braised Chicken and Its Mechanism" have caused heated discussions.

　　"This is a question of diversification of topics, which I think is a good thing." Rui Liu, tutor of master students in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that the development of disciplines is characterized by "specialization" and "cross-integration", and "many problems that we didn’t think could be studied before have emerged now". "Personally, I think it is necessary to study such different problems, which can cover many blind spots of previous knowledge and inspire the society." Rui Liu said in an interview with The Paper recently.

　　In this regard, Zhou Tingting, an associate professor at the School of Journalism, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, believes that college students are active in thinking or familiar with new media, so they can really pay attention to some new phenomena. "Many phenomena can be used as the research topics of our thesis, but we should find an in-depth observation angle based on the discipline, not just describe ‘ Phenomenon ’ It is meaningless to do a simple analysis. " Zhou Tingting said.

　　Tan Songhua, a member of the National Education Advisory Committee, said that he had not read the above papers and could not comment on them. "How to write a graduation thesis, it is difficult to have a unified statement. Students with different majors, hobbies and energies have different factors to consider when choosing a topic. " Tan Songhua said that as far as he guides graduate students, the practical significance is more important when choosing the topic of the thesis, for example, it can promote the development, reform and social progress of the country.

　　For more and more "unique topics", Zheng Zuoyu, a professor at the School of Sociology of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, said that "there is nothing wrong with it". "Academic research should have cared about your life and the society you live in. Now that the era in which students live is full of these phenomena, it is natural to study these phenomena. " According to Zheng Zuoyu, the question is not whether the research topic is "innovative" or "serious", but whether the research attitude is correct.

　　Zheng Zuoyu said that individual students "lead a muddled life" and "choose the most mindless topic" when writing their papers. "Such a topic, even if it sounds tall, is actually vague." Zheng Zuoyu said that attitude is more important for writing papers.

　　"When I take part in the insurance research interview, I will ask students what fields they are interested in and have studied." Zheng Zuoyu found that most students from rural areas would say "I want to do rural research", or most female students would say "I want to do gender research". "But not many of these students have really studied the relevant knowledge. They just think that because of their identity, they can make some sense at worst. " Zheng Zuoyu believes that in this case, even if the topic is tall, the attitude is not correct, and it is "no use"; On the contrary, if the academic attitude is correct, the topic "No matter how bizarre it is" can also be described as a classic.

　　What do students think about the topic of the thesis? Li Yong (pseudonym), a graduate student in a university in Hunan, told The Paper that according to his observation, the source of the topic mainly has three parts, one is the combination of previous practical activities, the other is the combination of interests, and the third is from the tutor. "I prefer topics that I am interested in, and at the same time consider the significance of research, so I am motivated to write." Li Yong believes that interest is a good entry point. "When the school informs you to write a paper, you often feel confused and then choose a familiar field." (The Paper reporter He Liquan intern Hu Tianyi)

　 　

　 　Special feature of 1905 film network　The summer file in July, also known as domestic protection month, saw eight domestic films released on July 8 alone. Among them, there is a literary film "Winter" with little publicity before, which will "go to war" on the same day as "Chill 2", "Rock Tibetan Mastiff", "Big Fish Begonia" and "never gone", and the box office prospect is really not optimistic.

The film released on July 8 　 　

　 　Looking at the literary films in the summer file, Winter is not fighting alone. The Roadside Picnic, which will be released on July 15th, will also face fierce challenges from other major rivals, such as The Great Reversal starring Xiao Wa, day trader the Quick Shooter starring Zhang Jingchu and Kenny Lin CP, and the article director Virgo Lu Yao Zhi Ma Li.

The film released on July 15th. 　 　

　 　 It seems to be a right thing for literary films to hide in the domestic protection month, but it can only be said that the risk is small in the schedule. How does the literary film break through the schedule dilemma and get higher film arrangement and box office? Is it difficult for every literary film to kneel like Fang Li? In the final analysis, this should be combined with the promotion of literary films themselves and the development status of mainland art theaters.

　 　 In the Mainland, there was a real representative of the cinema, who explained the discovery of literary films and the development dilemma of art cinemas. She was the program and promotion manager of Beijing Broadway Film Center — — Yang Yang.

　 　　Program and Promotion Manager of Beijing Broadway Film Center — Yang Yang

　 　 The survival status of art cinemas is inseparable from the prosperity of the literary film market, so Yang Yang’s viewpoint is also representative, which is difficult to copy, because there is only one art cinema in the mainland. "The Broadway Film Center has done statistics. The ratio of literary films to commercial films is 1: 10, but the attendance rate is only 1:3. It can be said that all the money is earned from commercial films." From these words, it is not difficult to see that it is almost impossible for a cinema to maintain its operation only by literary films, even if it is an art cinema.

Beijing Broadway Film Center

　 　 Then the question came, and people began to think whether literary films should be shown in art theaters for a long time. But from Yang Yang’s words, we can see that after the establishment of the Art Cinema, there seems to be no improvement in the "way out for literary films". What’s the problem? Is it that the publicity of literary films is not in place, or is it unreasonable to arrange films in cinemas? Why do we see so few literary films when there are art cinemas in the Mainland?

　 　 With these questions, Zi Shijun specially went to Beijing Broadway Film Center and had a good chat with Yang Yang about the announcement of domestic literary films and the operation of art cinemas.

[See the manager of the art theater talking about the myth of domestic literary films]

　 　 Broadway Film Center, established in December 2009, is a Hong Kong-owned art cinema, located in a residential area of Xiangheyuan Road in Dongzhimen, operated and managed by Hong Kong Anle Film Co., Ltd. Before the opening of this one in the Mainland, Anle had successfully operated an art cinema in Hong Kong called Hong Kong Broadway Film Center. With the experience of successful operation, the founding concept of Broadway Film Center in the Mainland also wants to be consistent with it, to provide screening for high-quality literary films at home and abroad, and to expand the exchange of film culture.

　 　 Yang Yang’s job is to select excellent films from the domestic literary films every year, and implement the corresponding film arrangement and post-screening exchange activities. During this period, she also saw the problems faced by mainland literary films, large and small. She told us that "several small partners in her team can even be regarded as a small company for the publication of mainland literary films for a long time".

Earlier, we were equivalent to a literary film publishing company.

　 　 In the early years, some domestic literary films with relatively small volume did not try to be released nationwide at all, such as Cao Baoping’s Glorious Wrath. Before its release, Beijing Broadway Film Center was almost equivalent to their publicity company, which did everything from posters to brochures, as well as writing all press releases and inviting media.

The implementation of Yang Yang’s various ideas was completed on this desk.

　 　 Q: Does this mean that for these small-scale literary films in the early days, do you still announce them here?

　 　 A: In the early days, this movie was very small. I think there was a big difference in the past two years from "Fireworks by Day", but "Fireworks by Day" is a special case that can’t be copied. Since then, plus the rapid growth of the whole China movie market, everyone wants to go to the national release, hoping to replicate a miracle in it.

You cann’t just lay out the whole line at every turn.

　 　 Q: You said earlier that the team was unprofessional, such as selling dog meat by hanging sheep’s head?

　 　 A: Isn’t that what commercial movies are all about? Just find a selling point, whatever it is, just drag it there first.

　 　 Q: What do you think are the unprofessional behaviors of domestic literary films in propaganda?

　 　 A: The announcement of an art film is a difficult thing to do all over the world. Its idea is not for profit, and it is not made for the maximum benefit. So when you announce it, you have to be patient and take a long line. Is there anything better that can bring out its commercial benefits? Like now, there is no particularly good model. I have also asked Anle’s colleagues in Hong Kong, who also bought some small non-Hollywood films in Hong Kong very early, but I feel that they don’t have a particularly good model, including Taiwan Province, but they are all very small. If you follow that, the distribution of these films in China is not particularly bad.

　 　 Q: Do you think that these domestic ideas of putting on a full-screen screening are actually wrong?

　 　 A: I think this idea may need to be changed, because before, only the film center was on the long line, and this volume was a little too small. I understand that they are not satisfied with only showing it in one theater, and I also think it needs to be expanded, but it is unrealistic for you to really compare it with commercial films, even with Fireworks in the Day.

　 　 Q: Before "Fireworks in the Day", there was a saying, why not learn from the United States, first show it on a small scale, and then expand it? Do you think it is difficult to realize this?

　 　 A: To a certain extent, the current publicity companies can’t settle down to do this. If it’s small, you have to choose a cinema and talk about it one by one. Now there are so many publicity weeks for a film, and there are so many cycles for a film. After this project is over, he will immediately enter the next project, no matter what happens to the film in the later stage, but these films must be fermented by word of mouth for a long time before they can be done slowly.

Many literary films will be wasted if they do this.　

　 　 But generally speaking, it is hard to achieve any box office miracle, that is, you accumulate slowly, but now no one is doing this, and there are not even a number of cinemas, even if only 20 or 30 people want to do this, and now it is Broadway, with at most an intermediate cinema. I don’t know what other cinema companies are like, but there are a few cities in Broadway that are suitable for our own company, and then the managers are willing to cooperate. They also know what to do, but they still can’t become a mass.

　 　 In fact, many domestic literary films may not be publicized, and many cinemas simply don’t arrange them. Zi Shijun interviewed some cinema managers when "A Hundred Birds at the Phoenix" was released. Their first reaction was, I haven’t seen it, I don’t know about it.

There is a horse on the other side of the mountain, with a domestic box office of 240,000.

　 　 For example, there is a horse on the other side of the mountain released in May, and the number of films is even lower. The Broadway Film Center has never seen the film, because Yang Yang is familiar with Huang Lu, and she took the initiative to find the producer through her, and then told them whether to come and have a post-screening exchange. "But they haven’t done some movie-watching activities before, and the director happened to be going to other places, and then Huang Lu couldn’t come because he had to shoot, feeling that they gave up on propaganda, and many films would be wasted."

Next page:Is the art cinema really the savior of literary films?

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, July 14th Question: how to ensure supply and price stability if it continues to operate at a low level? -Price articles of mid-year economic research bank

Xinhua news agency reporter

Prices are related to economic operation and affect people’s lives. In the first half of this year, China’s prices maintained a stable operation, but since the second quarter, due to multiple factors, the increase has declined.

In the first half of the year, the national consumer price index (CPI) rose by 0.7% year-on-year, lower than the 1.7% increase in the same period last year. Among them, in June, CPI rose by 0.2% year-on-year from last month to flat, down by 0.2% month-on-month.

How to treat the current price trend? In the past few days, Xinhua News Agency reporters have conducted in-depth investigations in Hunan, Jiangsu and other places, and have truly felt that all parties have a solid support for effectively coping with price fluctuations, continuously strengthening the supply and stability of prices, and maintaining the stable operation of prices throughout the year.

Guarantee the supply of important commodities for people’s livelihood

Near the evening, many citizens are choosing pork, eggplant and other products at Chanan Farmers’ Market in jianye district, Nanjing, Jiangsu.

"Now, the price of vegetables and meat is generally low. The price of ordinary pork belly has dropped to more than 10 yuan a catty, and the’ vegetable basket’ is more comfortable." Aunt Xu, a Nanjing citizen who came to the market to buy food, said.

Since the beginning of this year, prices have continued to fall due to the time difference between supply and demand recovery and the high base.

Lower prices will help to reduce the cost of living of the people, but for the relevant production enterprises, it means that the sales price will fall, resulting in shrinking profits.

In the fruit trading area of Red Star Global Agricultural Products Wholesale Center in Changsha, Hunan Province, watching boxes of durian imported from Vietnam being unloaded in an orderly manner on the cold chain transport vehicle, Zhang Xinghua, the head of the "Fruit Taoren" business department of Hunan Fruit Friends Company, recorded the weight of durian in detail in a notebook, and roughly calculated the cost and estimated income.

"At the beginning of this year, we added a Vietnamese durian procurement contract. Durian shipments increased by 20% compared with last year, but the market sales volume was delayed, the average sales price fell, and the income continued to decline." Zhang Xinghua said.

Restricted by unstable income expectations and other factors, the demand of high-end fruit market has declined as a whole, which is a challenge for fruit wholesalers.

How to meet the challenge? Zhang Xinghua mainly plays "two cards".

"On the cost side, improve procurement efficiency, further optimize import transportation routes and reduce expenses; On the sales side, strengthen the national market pre-judgment and adjust shipments in a timely manner. For example, the price of durian in some cities in the north has rebounded, which will increase the supply to these cities. " Zhang Xinghua said that the company’s durian supply is still sufficient.

From the perspective of food prices, the fluctuation of pork prices is more obvious. In June, the price of pork decreased by 7.2% year-on-year, which was 4 percentage points higher than that of the previous month.

According to industry insiders, the pig breeding industry has been losing money for many months, and some pig enterprises have even fallen into the dilemma of "selling more and losing more". Under the pressure of low pig prices, most pig enterprises practice "internal strength" hard to improve management efficiency and fully hedge the risk of lower pig prices.

The reporter walked into the pig breeding factory of Mu Yuan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd. in Lishui, Nanjing. Locating bars, intelligent environmental control, precision feeding and other equipment were widely used in pig houses. The pregnant houses and delivery rooms were clean and tidy, and almost no pungent odor was smelled.

"By using digital technologies such as automatic inspection and intelligent recipe feeding, the daily gain of pig fattening exceeded 1000 grams, the survival rate increased by about 5%, and the breeding efficiency was greatly improved, which greatly alleviated the impact of this round of pig price decline." Qin Shaojun, regional manager of Sunan of Mu Yuan Group, said that the supply of live pigs in the group is generally stable at present.

Guaranteed supply and stable price, all localities are working hard. Jiangsu identified 881 emergency supply enterprises for daily necessities, established a special supply network and increased supply outlets; Jingde County, Anhui Province guides key commercial enterprises to broaden sources of supply and strengthen supply reserves; Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province opened the "Bus Vegetable Basket Huimin Station" to deliver fresh agricultural and sideline products to residents’ doorsteps through "direct mining, direct supply and direct sales" …

"In the face of multiple pressures, all localities and departments made efforts from both sides of supply and demand, strengthened the analysis and judgment of price trends, and timely adopted targeted price stabilization measures. In the first half of the year, the supply of important people’s livelihood commodities was sufficient, and the CPI generally maintained a moderate increase." Wang Likun, an associate researcher at the Institute of Market Economy of the State Council Development Research Center, said.

Actively respond to the downward impact of PPI

Coordinate the delivery schedule with the steel sales company, communicate with the old customers about the demand for steel, and adjust the delivery schedule by staring at the online steel price trend in real time … Yanyu, who has been engaged in steel agency for 15 years, said frankly that "steel prices have been bottoming out and I feel very nervous".

"This year, we signed a purchase agreement with Handan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. for more than 60,000 tons of construction steel and cold-rolled steel plates, and shipped more than 5,000 tons of steel every month as planned, but since the beginning of the year, the price of steel has continued to be sluggish, with a year-on-year decline of about 30%." Smoke jade said.

"Low price" is the feeling of many commodity enterprises this year.

Mainly affected by international import factors, commodity prices continued to fall. In the first half of the year, the national producer price index (PPI) decreased by 3.1% year-on-year, and the decline expanded month after month.

In the investigation, the reporter found that relevant industries are actively responding to the downward impact of PPI through innovative measures such as adjusting product structure and improving industrial chain.

At 4: 00 pm on June 28th, the oil tanker "Haixinyou 616" was loaded with 9981 tons of aviation kerosene and sailed from Pier 11 of Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company to Shanghai Pudong Airport, which was the sixth oil tanker that the company sailed that day.

Facing the downward fluctuation of international crude oil price and the shrinking profit space of refined oil, chemical products and by-products, Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company aimed at market demand, increased the production and supply of aviation kerosene, high-end graphite materials, aromatic hydrocarbons and other products, and tapped new profit growth points.

"In the first half of the year, the output of aviation kerosene increased by 35% year-on-year, which not only helped to ensure the recovery of the civil aviation industry, but also increased revenue and efficiency for enterprises." Liu Wenbao, manager of the production planning department of Jinling Petrochemical Company of China Petrochemical Company, said that we expect that there is still room for growth in sales and profits throughout the year.

PPI is related to the price of raw materials, and its decline is expanding, which increases the operating pressure of upstream enterprises, but it is conducive to reducing the production costs of downstream industries such as home appliances and paper making, which is good for downstream enterprises.

"Affected by positive factors such as falling raw material prices and stable sales, the consumption of household appliances such as air conditioners and refrigerators maintained a relatively high growth in the first half of the year, and the unit price growth rate of user consumption was above double digits. On average, there were more than 50 stores in various formats such as Suning Yijia Plaza Store and Suning Yijia Flagship Store." The person in charge of Suning.cn said.

Li Gang, a researcher at the Institute of Industrial Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, analyzed that PPI is mainly affected by changes in the international market, and it is not completely synchronized with CPI fluctuations. Keeping its fluctuation range at a relatively reasonable level is conducive to the coordinated development of upstream and downstream industries. Recently, the policy of stabilizing industry has been continuously introduced, some of which are taking effect, helping enterprises to stabilize orders and expand the market, and the cardinal utility has weakened. The year-on-year decline of PPI is expected to narrow in the second half of the year.

Prices may remain moderately rising.

As an important indicator of macroeconomic operation, the price increase has continued to fall, even causing some concerns about the economy falling into deflation. Will prices continue to fall in the second half of the year? How to treat the price situation? The reporter came to the front line to observe the price dynamics.

Xinfadi market is called the "vegetable basket" of Beijing citizens. Tong Wei, the person in charge of Xinfadi Market, said that recently, the average daily market volume of vegetables has stabilized at around 19,000 tons, and the prices of some vegetables have increased due to the rebound in demand. For example, cucumbers produced in Langfang, Hebei Province have high tenderness and good taste, and the demand continues to increase, driving up prices.

According to the data of key e-commerce platforms, the demand for fruit consumption in the season is strong, and the price of fresh fruit is expected to pick up. "Recently, we have increased the purchase of seasonal fruits such as peaches and bayberries, and launched hundreds of products to cool off the summer and ensure market supply." The person in charge of the US group buying food said.

At present, the price of "vegetable basket" has increased year-on-year. According to the monitoring of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, from July 3 to July 9, the average weekly wholesale price of 28 kinds of vegetables monitored mainly increased by 13% year-on-year.

The price trend is the same as that of the "vegetable basket". Under the influence of policies such as promoting consumption, the prices of home appliances and tourism are on the rise.

At present, Suning.cn has further increased the supply of high-end household appliances. "Recently, the order volume of high-end home appliances has continued to increase, and it is expected that the unit price of user consumption will further increase." The person in charge of Suning.cn said.

According to Wang Likun’s analysis, with the increasing endogenous kinetic energy of China’s economy, the bilateral recovery of supply and demand tends to be balanced, and the market circulation order continues to improve, market confidence increases and expectations continue to improve. It is expected that the overall price increase will gradually return to a reasonable level in the second half of the year.

The National Energy Administration urged power generation enterprises to implement a stable supply of coal and gas, sign a medium-and long-term contract agreement on coal and gas with good quality and quantity, and actively respond to the peak of electricity consumption this summer; The National Development and Reform Commission will, together with relevant parties, start the second batch of central pork storage and purchasing during the year, and guide all localities to synchronize storage and purchasing, so as to push the price of live pigs back to a reasonable range as soon as possible; Hubei and Beijing issue a new round of coupons …

Recently, all parties have made active efforts from both sides of supply and demand to ensure the supply of important commodities for people’s livelihood and promote the continuous recovery of consumer demand. According to industry analysts, at present, China’s total economic supply and demand are basically balanced, and the monetary conditions are reasonable and moderate. At the end of June, the broad money (M2) balance increased by 11.3% year-on-year; Residents’ expectations are stable and there is no basis for long-term deflation or inflation.

"From the perspective of the whole year, with the steady expansion of China’s market demand and the gradual increase of production and supply, the relationship between supply and demand is expected to be generally stable, and consumer prices will generally maintain a moderate increase." Fu Linghui, spokesman of the National Bureau of Statistics, said. (Reporter Wei Yukun, Gao Kang, Yan Fujing, Zhao Jiulong, Zhou Nan)

Original six-story demon tower

Photo: Huang Zi | Written by: Six-story Demon Tower | Editor: Ayue

▲ Image source: homemade in the eleventh clinic

Have not had sex all the time, can you not do gynecological examination?

First of all, answer the first question: even if you have never had sex, you need to have a gynecological examination.

Of course, here we should distinguish between broad and narrow gynecological examinations. When it comes to gynecological examination, many fairies first associate it with gynecological examination.

It requires women to lie on a special gynecological examination bed, and doctors can open the yin channel through a speculum (duck-billed forceps) to check the yin channel and the cervix, and if necessary, take samples and check the secretion of the yin channel and the exfoliated cells of the cervix, and then know whether there is any abnormality in the uterus and bilateral ovarian fallopian tubes through Shuang Hezhen or triple diagnosis.

The gynecological examination that our doctors usually say includes a series of laboratory tests such as ultrasound and tumor markers, in addition to physical examination.

For female friends who have never had sex, gynecological examination is definitely not suitable, but this does not mean that we don’t need gynecological examination.

We should not actively ignore or passively refuse gynecological examination because we have never had sex.

Yaota met many female patients who had never had sexual life in clinical work. It was precisely because of the wrong idea that there would be no gynecological diseases without sexual life that the best treatment opportunity for the disease was delayed. Among them, there were many cases of malignant tumors, which can be said to be a lesson of blood.

What makes me feel most sorry is a patient not long ago. She never had sex, so she never had a gynecological examination. She had a gynecological B-ultrasound by chance and found a tumor in her uterus. She sought some Chinese medicine treatment by mistake, but it didn’t work. One day she came to our hospital because of acute abdominal pain.

We thought it was just a simple fibroid degeneration, but after the operation, we realized that the condition was far more serious than we thought. The final postoperative pathology was uterine sarcoma, a highly malignant uterine tumor.

After surviving the postoperative rehabilitation period and unusually uncomfortable chemotherapy, I thought everything was going well. However, less than a month after the end of chemotherapy, the tumor recurred and metastasized to the intestine, and she underwent laparotomy again.

The last time I contacted her, she told me, Yaota, I won’t go to your hospital. The tumor has metastasized to the lungs. I’ll go to another hospital. Later, I didn’t see her update her circle of friends. I don’t know how she is now, but I can still remember her strong smile.

▲ Image source: giphy

Forgive the demon tower. I’m old, and I feel it. It’s a bit far.

What tests should I do if I have no sex life?

Then answer the second question: even if we have never had sex, we can still do gynecological B-ultrasound (transabdominal or anal ultrasound); You can also check yin secretion, tumor markers and hormone levels. And from the point of view of gynecological physical examination, although we can’t do Shuang Hezhen, we can learn about pelvic cavity through anal examination when necessary.

Gynecological B-ultrasound: It can help us to know the thickness of endometrium, whether there is abnormal echo in uterine cavity (such as endometrial polyp and submucosal myoma), whether there is abnormal echo in myometrium (such as hysteromyoma and adenomyosis) and whether there is abnormal echo in ovarian fallopian tube (such as ovarian tumor and hydrosalpinx);

Yin secretion: it is not that there will be no yin inflammation without sexual life! Doctors can use a cotton swab to get yin secretion for laboratory examination without opening the yin channel with a speculum.

Tumor marker: This test is more routine and simple, that is, blood drawing. Among many tumor markers, CA125, which is closely related to female diseases, is the most common and you know the most. Generally speaking, CA125 will be elevated in many cases, such as before and after menstruation, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian malignant tumor.

Hormone level: including six items of sex hormones, AMH and other tests, we often need to use the results of six items of sex hormones to help doctors judge the condition when diagnosing and treating female endocrine diseases such as abnormal uterine bleeding and polycystic ovary. AMH can help us understand the reserve function of female ovaries and better guide pregnancy preparation. These are also blood tests.

▲ Image source: giphy

What will happen if I accidentally do the yin examination?

The third question: What will happen if you accidentally do the yin examination?

Before answering this question, first of all, we need to be clear. First, we can’t choose not to check out because of fear or concern. Second, when we ask the doctor, we should clearly tell the doctor that I have never had sex before, so as to avoid the possibility of accidentally doing yin examination to a great extent.

Through the description of gynecological physical examination in Yaota, I believe you may have guessed that the following may happen to women who have no sexual life after yin examination.

ache

Yin Dao flap (common name hymen) is a mucous membrane with certain elasticity. With the invasion of speculum, yin Dao flap has not broken yet, but it will induce vulvar pain due to expansion. At this time, something must be done to stop it.

Rupture and bleeding of yin valve

Some female friends have high elasticity of the yin valve, and there may be no obvious pain in the process of entering the speculum, but with the opening of the upper and lower leaves of the speculum, the yin valve will basically rupture or even bleed during this process.

At this time, it is necessary to compress the wound to stop bleeding. Generally, a sterile cotton ball will be selected, and it will be removed after 5 to 10 minutes of compression to observe the bleeding of the wound.

Because the yin flap is thin, there are often some capillaries distributed here, which can basically stop bleeding through compression. However, if it happens to damage a relatively large blood vessel, it may be necessary to stop bleeding through suture if necessary, but this situation is very rare.

infect

If this happens unfortunately, you must pay attention to the cleanliness of the vulva after the bleeding stops, so as to avoid infection of the wound. Of course, this kind of situation is also very rare, because this kind of wound of yin mucosa usually heals very quickly.

Yao ta Xiao tips

If the doctor gives you a gynecological B-ultrasound checklist, you must see clearly whether it is through the yin channel, abdomen or anus before paying the fee. If it is through the yin channel, or if you feel that you can’t accept the transanal B-ultrasound examination, you must find a doctor to change the checklist.

Original title: "It is strongly recommended that all women must do these four tests during physical examination (whether they have sex or not)"

Read the original text

　　Some professional qualification certificates can be inquired through the national networking system.

　　Investigation on the phenomenon of illegal sale of "real certificate"

　　Investigation motive

　　It seems that the demand for various qualification certificates through informal channels has not decreased, which can be seen from a fraudulent case of manufacturing and selling fake certificates on the websites of state organs uncovered by the police in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province. In this case, the police have initially identified more than 34,000 pieces of information about people who handle false certificates, involving labor and personnel, science, education and culture, health care and medicine, engineering construction and other fields, and the personnel are distributed in more than 20 provinces, cities and regions across the country.

　　Where there is demand, there is market. From street poles to online shops, accreditation advertisements can be seen almost everywhere. In everyone’s impression, such advertisements for accreditation correspond to fake documents, just like the case cracked by Nantong police. However, the "Legal Daily" reporter found that in the accreditation business, some businesses claimed that they could provide "genuine" professional qualification certificates.

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　□ Intern Li Wenguan of this newspaper

　　Han Lin, who is studying at Tianjin Normal University, has been struggling recently. Seeing that she will graduate next year, she hasn’t got a teacher’s qualification certificate so far because Mandarin is not enough, which has a great impact on finding a job.

　　There are two choices before Han Lin, either practicing Putonghua hard and taking the exam again, or spending money to get a Putonghua grade certificate. "Compared with the two, the risks are the same." Han Lin said, "if you take the exam again, you may still fail;" Spend money to apply for a certificate, although the other party promises to inquire, but I don’t know whether it is true or not. "

　　Han Lin told the reporter of Legal Daily that it is almost an open secret among the students to spend money on the real certificate that can be inquired through official website. According to her understanding, in addition to the teacher qualification certificate, legal professional qualification certificate and other certificates can not be bought online, some professional qualification certificates, such as Putonghua grade certificate, health certificate, nutritionist and other certificates can be bought online, "it is said that it can also be found on official website".

　　According to the regulations, applicants need to take the corresponding exams and meet the standards before they can obtain the qualification certificate. Does it really exist that you can get a qualification certificate without taking an exam and be able to query through official website? The "Legal Daily" reporter launched an investigation on this.

　　3,500 yuan to run the Putonghua Grade Certificate.

　　For those who want to engage in the teaching profession, the Putonghua grade certificate is a necessary document. However, some people miss out on the teaching position because Mandarin is not up to standard, such as Zhou Wei.

　　Although I majored in education in college and always wanted to be a teacher, Zhou Wei has been unable to apply for a teacher position. "Because my Mandarin is not enough, I can’t take the teacher qualification exam, so I can’t apply for a teacher. Now I can only do some non-teaching work in some small training institutions."

　　Zhou Wei said that the failure of Putonghua has always bothered her, so she paid attention to all kinds of information about the Putonghua exam. At the beginning of this year, when she inquired about relevant information, she found that an online shop was selling Putonghua Grade Certificate, and it could be inquired through official website. "I chose a good online shop. The store said that 3,500 yuan can be used for a first-class and second-class certificate of Putonghua. Pay the deposit of 600 yuan first, and it can be done in two months. After another month, you can check online, and you can pay the final payment after the inquiry. " Zhou Wei said, "At that time, I tentatively asked if I could directly apply for a teacher qualification certificate. The store’s statement is that it is too difficult to apply for a teacher qualification certificate. "

　　Holding the psychology that "a dead horse is a living horse doctor", Zhou Wei paid the store a 600 yuan deposit. Two months later, the first-class and second-class certificate of Putonghua was sent to Zhou Wei. About a week later, the store told Zhou Wei that she could inquire. Zhou Wei logged into the national Putonghua training and testing information resource network and found that both scores and certificates could be found. Zhou Wei then clicked on the online store to confirm the payment.

　　With the experience of handling Putonghua Grade Certificate, Zhou Wei took advantage of the opportunity to spend money to buy a second-class computer certificate. "I checked, and there is no problem."

　　Online shopping level 4 chef’s certificate can be queried online.

　　Liu Jun, from Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, also told reporters about his experience of buying a certificate.

　　In July this year, Liu Jun learned from a friend that he could buy a certificate. After that, he searched for an online shop with a permit business on an e-commerce platform.

　　"I’m a good cook. I’ve always wanted to get a chef’s certificate. I just tried it that time." Liu Jun told reporters that after he told the online shop owner about the need for a chef’s certificate, the other party said that there was no problem, and he only needed to provide a 1-inch ID photo and a photo of the front and back of the ID card. He sent the photos to the other party’s mailbox as requested by the other party.

　　"The shopkeeper said that the first cooperation was a sign of sincerity, and payment could be made after the certificate was completed. It will take about two months to get the certificate. Official website needs to wait for a month or so after the certificate is completed. " Liu Jun said.

　　On September 21st, Liu Jun received a photo of the certificate from the owner of the online shop. "What is shown above is my personal information. The column of occupation (type of work) and grade is filled in as Chinese Cooker Level 4. The score of theoretical knowledge test is 67, and the score of operational skills test is 68, and the evaluation result is qualified." Liu Jun said that the certificate was issued on September 14th, 2017. At that time, official website still couldn’t find it. The owner said that online inquiry will have to wait for about a month.

　　On November 10th, Liu Jun received a notice from the owner that the previous certificate had been online. Liu Jun inquired online according to the information of the photos he had received before, and information such as personal basic information and test scores appeared on the webpage, which was exactly the same as the information on the certificate. The data was reported on November 7.

　　Subsequently, Liu Jun forwarded the previously agreed 400 yuan to the other party via WeChat, and sent the address to the other party. The owner said that it would be mailed as soon as possible and paid by SF Express. On November 13th, Liu Jun received the documents mailed by the other party.

　　Liu Jun showed the reporter this "real certificate" purchased from the Internet. The reporter saw that the official seal of the issuing authority on the left side of the certificate is the special seal for the appraisal of the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of a city in Jiangxi Province, and the special seal for the professional skill appraisal of occupational skill testing authority of a city in Jiangxi Province on the right side of the certificate, with the words of steel seal clearly visible.

　　Customer service reminds me to search for official website query by myself.

　　Is Zhou Wei and Liu Jun’s experience of buying securities a case or a market?

　　On an e-commerce platform, the reporter of Legal Daily searched for the keyword "certificate", and thousands of products appeared in the query results. However, the query page says "training" and "certificate holster, diploma qualification certificate driver’s license shell … …”

　　"Legal Daily" reporter entered an online shop, which opened in 2009, with a favorable rate of more than 98%. The owner of the online shop wrote in the statement: "Chengzheng Studio undertakes all kinds of complicated certificates, five-star service, fair price, professional technology, advanced equipment, quick delivery and your satisfaction are the driving forces for us to continue. Welcome everyone to come! Registration process: consult and confirm the registration materials submitted for the registration course and pay the registration fee. After checking the certificate, pay the final payment SF mail certificate. "

　　The "Legal Daily" reporter opened the online consultation window of the store, and the other party directly asked: "What certificate do I need to apply for?" The reporter asked if he could apply for a welding certificate, and the customer service quickly replied "Yes" and introduced the price of each certificate to the reporter.

　　The "Legal Daily" reporter asked the store owner how to pay for all the treasures in the online store. The customer service said that after discussing the price of the certificate, just shoot the baby in the certificate shell directly. The price of the certificate shell is 10 yuan, so you can shoot more babies according to the certificate price.

　　Subsequently, the reporter of Legal Daily searched with "professional qualification certificate" as the key word, and there was no need to filter. The search results all read "professional qualification certificate, human resource manager level 1, level 2 and level 3". The reporter clicked into an online shop named "Yimei Culture and Education Center". Just entering the online store, the customer service staff asked the reporter what certificate he needed to apply for. The reporter asked if he could apply for a chef’s certificate. The customer service replied: "Yes, you need to provide one-inch or two-inch recent photos (blue or red background, white background) and a copy of your ID card. You can only apply for intermediate or advanced, intermediate 780 yuan, and advanced 1,280 yuan. The intermediate certificate will be issued in about two months, and the advanced certificate will be issued in three or four months. After the certificate is issued, it will be queried on the national website in two months."

　　The reporter asked how to ensure the authenticity of the documents. The customer service immediately said, "It’s impossible for a fake certificate to come down for that long. It’s good to make a fake certificate for a few days. Besides, you have to go to jail for making a fake certificate. If you don’t believe it, you can wait until you find it before confirming the receipt. "

　　After listening to the introduction of customer service, the reporter said that some inquiry websites are fake now. The customer service reminded the reporter that you should not use the website that the merchant gave you to inquire, but directly search for the national vocational qualification certificate from the Internet, and inquire from the regular official website. "The real certificates are all checked about two months after the issuance of the certificate, and the national inquiry system is updated regularly, so it is impossible to check the certificate."

　　Online shop trading cycle is consistent, but prices are different.

　　In an online shop named "Jiangxi Textual Research Network", the reporter of "Legal Daily" just clicked on the chat page, and the other party suggested that the reporter contact by phone or WeChat. The reporter added a WeChat according to the mobile phone number provided by the other party, and this is called "Jiangxi Textual Research Studio — — Teacher Li’ s people started to communicate. The reporter asked what documents he could apply for, and "Teacher Li" said that he could only apply for some professional qualification certificates, and guaranteed that they could be checked.

　　An online shop named "Macy’s University Hall" opened on October 11th, 2004, with a favorable rate of 99.44%. It is located in Nanjing, Jiangsu. When entering the store, there are three points for attention on the home page: special goods, once sold, will not be returned, please know; All trainees who have been trained by this institution shall ensure to get the vocational qualification certificate recognized by the state; All certificates can be checked for permanent registration, which can be checked in this life and in the next life. At the bottom of the page, the optional certificates include 10 categories, such as business services, electronic information and building electrician.

　　The "Legal Daily" reporter inquired about a number of online stores on an e-commerce platform. The shopkeepers’ caliber was almost the same, and they all guaranteed to issue certificates in two or three months. After issuing certificates, they could check online for two months. Most of them traded by paying the deposit first and then paying the final payment. The materials needed to apply for certificates are almost the same, mostly photos and copies of ID cards, and some need to fill out a form, including the name, age, education and other basic information of the applicant. The prices of these documents vary. Take the intermediate vocational qualification certificate as an example. Some merchants ask for three or four hundred yuan, while others ask for seven or eight hundred yuan, all of which promise to be checked for life.

　　Vocational skill appraisal institutions organize examinations.

　　According to the regulations, what are the procedures for applying for vocational qualification certificates?

　　According to a staff member of the Business Department of the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, citizens who want to obtain vocational qualification certificates should register at the vocational skill appraisal institute first. Vocational skill appraisal institute is established with the approval of personnel department, and every district in Lanzhou has vocational skill appraisal institute. After the registration, the vocational skill appraisal institute first examines the qualifications of candidates, including age, whether the education is appropriate, and the type of personnel, such as students or social workers. After the vocational skill appraisal institute examines the qualifications of the registered candidates, the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau will conduct further qualification examination, mainly to see whether there are conditions for entering the examination. In the third step, the vocational skill appraisal institute needs to do preparatory work before the exam, such as printing the admission ticket. These are all audit links, and they are also the work that needs to be done in vocational skill appraisal. The fourth step is to organize the candidates’ examination by the vocational skill appraisal institute. After the candidates get the admission ticket, they will take the examination according to the time and place specified in the admission ticket. At the end of the exam, the vocational skill appraisal institute will score and score, and it will be qualified if it reaches 60 points or more. After that, the vocational skill appraisal institute reported the data of qualified candidates to the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau. The Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau will further review various information such as candidates’ grades and ages. After the examination and approval by the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau, the data of qualified candidates will be reported to the provincial appraisal center. After the final review, the provincial appraisal center will inform the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau of the results, and one who is qualified will be given an empty certificate, and then the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau will fill in the information and finally issue the certificate.

　　According to this staff member, the examination was organized by the Vocational Skills Appraisal Institute. During the examination, the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau organized personnel to conduct on-site inspections. For the examination papers, the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau should also organize personnel to conduct spot checks, and the workload of the census is too great.

　　So, what is the vocational skill appraisal institute?

　　The reporter inquired that both the vocational skill appraisal institute and the human resources service intermediary agency applied to the municipal human resources department or the provincial human resources department for establishment.

　　Article 69 of the Labor Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: The state determines the occupational classification, sets the vocational skill standards for the specified occupations, and implements the vocational qualification certificate system, and the assessment and appraisal institutions approved by the government are responsible for the assessment and appraisal of workers’ vocational skills.

　　Paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on the Promotion of Private Education stipulates that students who have received vocational skills training and passed the appraisal by vocational skill appraisal institutions approved by the government may be issued with national vocational qualification certificates.

　　How to apply for the establishment of a vocational skill appraisal institution? The reporter inquired about the information and found that the conditions for accepting the identification of vocational skill appraisal institutions by local human and social departments are almost the same. Taking Tianjin as an example, the application conditions are as follows: vocational skill appraisal institutions should meet the basic conditions stipulated by national laws, regulations and policies; The sponsor shall have the legal person qualification; Having a clear name, organization and articles of association; There are full-time and part-time assessors; Having the purpose, objective and outline of appraisal; Equipment and facilities meet the prescribed standards; The registered capital reaches the prescribed standard; There are venues that meet the needs of identification.

　　(At the request of the interviewee, the interviewee in this article is a pseudonym.)

　　Cartography/Li Xiaojun

　　In the past few days, a screenshot poking fun at domestic refined oil prices has been widely circulated in the circle of friends:

　　"Ten years ago, on March 20, 2008, the international crude oil was $147 per barrel, and the domestic oil price was 6.3 yuan; Ten years later, on May 26th, 2018, the international crude oil price was $75.56 per barrel, and the domestic oil price was 7.4 yuan. Maybe the bucket is expensive. "

　　In fact, since the international oil price plummeted in the second half of 2014, similar paragraphs have emerged one after another. From a purely numerical point of view, today’s international oil price is indeed lower than that of ten years ago, and the domestic refined oil price is indeed higher than that of ten years ago. However, the pricing mechanism of refined oil in China is not as simple as many people think, especially when the consumption tax on refined oil has increased by nearly seven times. It is unreasonable to simply compare the figures. To discuss the comparison of oil prices between 2008 and today, we need to consider the following factors:

　　petrol quality upgrade

　　In 2008, private cars still drank the national standard gasoline, and today it is the national standard gasoline ten years later. The "2+26" cities including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei have been upgraded to the national standard in advance. When oil products are upgraded, prices naturally rise. According to the statistics of Zhuo Chuang Information, a market organization, the price increase standards for automobile gasoline and diesel from the third country to the fourth country are 290 yuan and 370 yuan per ton respectively; The price increase standards for upgrading from National IV to National V are respectively 170 yuan and 160 yuan per ton. That is, the total price of gasoline is increased by 460 yuan/ton, which is equivalent to the price increase of No.92, which is 0.36 yuan.

　　The consumption tax on refined oil has increased by nearly seven times.

　　The consumption tax on refined oil refers to the tax paid by consumers when they consume refined oil. It is paid by the main units such as refineries at the initial stage of production, commissioned processing and import. The collection targets include seven subheads, including gasoline, diesel oil and fuel oil, which belong to the central tax category. China began to levy consumption tax on gasoline in 1994. In 2008, the domestic consumption tax on gasoline was only in 0.2 yuan/liter.

　　From the end of 2014 to the beginning of 2015, the domestic consumption tax on refined oil was raised three times in 45 days. At that time, the Ministry of Finance said that the consumption tax in China is not generally levied, but only on "some consumer goods with high energy consumption, high pollution and high consumption". "The consumption tax on refined oil is conducive to promoting resource conservation and curbing excessive consumption of energy, which is a relatively common practice in the world." Regarding the timing of raising the tax rate, the Ministry of Finance explained that "choosing to implement it when the oil price goes down not only did not lead to an increase in oil prices due to tax increase, but also realized the synchronization of tax increase and price reduction, taking into account the macro-control needs and social affordability."

　　After three upward adjustments, the gasoline consumption tax was 1.52 yuan/liter, which has been maintained to this day.

　　In addition to consumption tax, China consumers also need to pay value-added tax and urban construction tax when purchasing refined oil. It is roughly estimated that the tax burden cost of circulation links accounts for about 40% of the total refined oil price.

　　"At present, domestic refined oil products include 1.52 yuan/liter consumption tax, 16% value-added tax and 12% other taxes and fees. Due to the different oil prices in different regions of China, the proportion of taxes and fees is also different. " Xu Na, a refined oil analyst at Zhuo Chuang Information, told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) that the current price of No.92 gasoline in Guangzhou is 7.44 yuan/liter, including 1.52 yuan/liter consumption tax, 1.03 yuan/liter value-added tax and 0.31 yuan/liter other taxes. Therefore, on the whole, the price increase of Guangzhou No.92 gasoline includes 2.86 yuan tax, accounting for 38.4%.

　　In addition, the tax burden of refined oil products in different countries in the world is not horizontally comparable, because the tax burden is related to national policies, oil production capacity, per capita income level and social welfare.

　　Changes of refined oil pricing mechanism

　　Ten years ago, there was no price adjustment cycle for domestic refined oil products, which was not closely related to international oil prices.

　　The current refined oil price mechanism stipulates that the prices of gasoline and diesel are adjusted every 10 working days according to the changes of crude oil prices in the international market, and the effective time of price adjustment is 24: 00 on the release date of price adjustment. As long as the international oil price is between the "floor price" of $40/barrel and the "ceiling price" of $130/barrel, the change rate should be adjusted if the adjustment range of gasoline and diesel exceeds that of 50 yuan. When the price adjustment range is lower than the 50 yuan per ton, no adjustment will be made, and it will be added or offset in the next price adjustment.

　　Because of this, after the international crude oil price soared to an all-time high of $147 per barrel in 2008, the domestic refined oil price did not rise as the international oil price soared. For the smooth operation of the domestic economy, domestic "two barrels of oil" did "pay the bill" for high oil prices.

　　At the beginning of 2015, a paragraph about oil prices was widely circulated on the Internet: "Today (March 20th) is a special day. Seven years ago, today in 2008, the international crude oil was $147 per barrel, and the oil price in China was RMB per liter in 6.3 yuan. Today in 2015, the international crude oil is 43 dollars per barrel, and the China oil price is still 6.3 yuan RMB per liter. Is the oil price going up or down? " Just a few words have attracted countless spit and controversy.

　　In this regard, Sinopec claimed to be "the big head" in the official Weibo: "Today (referring to March 21, 2015), the international crude oil is 43 US dollars per barrel, and the EU is about 9.1 yuan and China is about 6.3 yuan per liter. Seven years ago, today in 2008, due to the economic situation in China and the pressure from all sides, the price adjustment of domestic refined oil was reduced. The international crude oil was US$ 147 per barrel, while the EU was about RMB 14.8 per liter, while China was only 6.3 yuan per liter. Who is ‘ Big head ’ , you know. "

　　The following figure shows the global ranking of gasoline price increase as of May 28, 2018 (part):